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Inference—Statistical Tests
Published in Prabhanjan Narayanachar Tattar, H. J. Vaman, Survival Analysis, 2022
Prabhanjan Narayanachar Tattar, H. J. Vaman
Thanks to the constraint , we can drop one of the elements , and we will leave out . Now, define . The chi-square test for testing is then defined by
Basic stats
Published in O. Ajetunmobi, Making Sense of Critical Appraisal, 2021
The statistical tests used with categorical data are the ‘chi-square’ test (unpaired categorical data) and the ‘McNemar’s test’ (paired binary data). A limitation with the chi-square test is that it can only provide approximate results. This limitation is however not really a problem with large-sized samples. For small-sized samples, however, (i.e. <5 observations in any cell), the ‘Fisher’s exact test’ is a more appropriate instrument.
Working with categorical outcome variables
Published in Ewen Harrison, Pius Riinu, R for Health Data Science, 2020
A commonly stated assumption of the chi-squared test is the requirement to have an expected count of at least 5 in each cell of the 2x2 table. For larger tables, all expected counts should be (>1) and no more than 20% of all cells should have expected counts (<5). If this assumption is not fulfilled, an alternative test is Fisher's exact test. For instance, if we are testing across a 2x4 table created from our variable and , then we receive a warning.
The long-lasting effect of early life family structure on social position, well-being, and biological condition in adulthood
Published in The Aging Male, 2023
Anna Lipowicz, Monika Natalia Bugdol, Wioleta Umławska, Andrzej Waldemar Mitas
All biological variables were standardized for age by applying a simple linear regression and presented in standard deviation units. Then, the absolute values of differences in biological characteristics between the studied groups of men were calculated, and results were presented graphically as profiles. If mean values for men raised in single-parent families were lower, a minus sign was inserted. If mean values were higher for men from complete families, a plus sign was added. Next, the obtained differences were presented in figures according to ascending values. The significance of differences by type of distribution was assessed using a Mann–Whitney U test or Fisher test. To determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the expected and the observed frequencies a chi-square test was employed. Finally, to estimate the independent effect of childhood family life and current SES, for variables showing significant variation by family type, 2-way analyses of variance were performed, where the independent variables were family type and current educational level of men. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Attitude towards Covid-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Urban and Rural Community Survey in Punjab, Pakistan
Published in Hospital Topics, 2023
Iqra Mushtaque, Muhammad Riaz Dasti, Misbah Mushtaq, Ahmad Ali
The first step is, the collected data is double-checked for accuracy, and errors are removed. The research is then carried out using descriptive and inferential methods. In the descriptive analysis, the data is tabulated, and frequencies and percentages are measured in Microsoft Excel. Pearson’s chi-square test (a probability test) is used with SPSS to calculate the likelihood ratio of the relationship between public opinion in Pakistan and the covid-19 vaccine. The chi-square test is also used to calculate the chances of observed variables/frequencies matching each other and their significant association. If the p-value is greater than 0.05, there is no relationship between the observed variables/frequencies. If the p-value is less than 0.05, there is a good correlation.
The use of the Feather Squadron to identify auditory processing disorders in South African children: a comparative study
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
Heidi Allan, Lidia Pottas, Maggi Soer, Marien Graham
For categorical variables, the Chi-square test is used to test for association. If the p-value is <0.05, there is a statistically significant association. As demonstrated in Table 2, in the initial analysis, using the −2SD criteria yielded no significant association when comparing the Dichotic Digits FS vs. DDT, or when comparing Temporal Pattern FS vs. FPT in the humming or labelling conditions (p > 0.05). The Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were computed; the latter is used when there are cells in the Chi-square cross-tabulations that are <5. Stated simply, the p-value of the Fisher’s Exact test is interpreted instead of the p-value of the Chi-square test for smaller sample sizes. Table 2 clearly demonstrates the results of this comparison to establish whether an association exists.