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Basics of Radiation Interactions in Matter
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
As charged particles penetrate matter, they lose their kinetic energy via different types of interactions with nearby atoms and, as a result, create ionizations and excitations in those atoms and molecules along their path tracks. The process of excitation results in energy absorption by the atom, which leads to an excited state of electrons into higher energy levels. However, these excitations return more or less to the ground state by emission of electromagnetic radiation (photons). Ionization refers to situations in which an orbital electron will, during an interaction, receive a sufficient amount of energy so that it is energetically possible for the electron to completely leave its place in the atomic shell. The energy that is transmitted in this way to nearby atomic elements can give rise to a series of secondary interactions between the emitted electron and other atoms, and may result in potentially severe biological changes (e.g., damage to the DNA nucleus) when considering humans, or result in a measurable electric signal when considering a radiation detector.
Clinical assessment and management of communication in older adults
Published in Rebecca Allwood, Working with Communication and Swallowing Difficulties in Older Adults, 2022
It is useful to have this information about an older client. Sleep habits often change as a person gets older, and daily activities change. Insomnia and early morning waking are common. Having an awareness of your client’s energy levels throughout the day can inform the time that you make their next appointment to maximise engagement and learning potential. Sudden changes in sleeping habits or energy levels, or experiences of very low energy levels without an adequate explanation would prompt a referral to the doctor for further investigation. These can be linked with mood changes or possible underlying disorders.
Neurological disorders
Published in Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize, Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize
The physical health of children is directly related to their emotional health. Three nutritionally well-balanced meals should be consumed daily, especially when medication is administered three or four times daily. Fruit or other nutritious snacks can be used to enhance the student’s energy level, although evenly spaced and well-balanced meals are the most important aspects of the diet. The diet becomes more important for children who are prone to seizures during periods of growth, when additional nutrients are needed, and during the teenage years, when children tend to skip meals or consume junk food.
Participant experiences of eight weeks of supervised or home-based Pilates among people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative analysis
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Karl M. Fleming, Matthew P. Herring, Susan B. Coote, Daniel Tindall
Similar positive mood improvements were experienced by Jean (HB), who described how the Pilates exercise modality helped her to feel better about herself while creating a freer mental space. According to her, “Pilates was bringing me along to a better place than I would be if I had not been doing it.” Similar sentiments were echoed by Christine (S), as she described the inextricable link between exercise and mental health stating, “physical movement we were doing affects the mind.” Participants recalled feeling increased energy levels, the lack of which is symptomatic of their condition. These improved energy levels not only contributed to a heightened ability to carry out regular daily activities, but also resulted in an enhanced overall quality of life. Again Christine (S) remarked, “I thought it was fantastic, as an escape and move in my own time, in general I found afterwards that I am bouncing after it.” Similar to the other psychological benefits, the boost in energy levels became apparent to participants following a small number of Pilates exercise sessions, which was highlighted in Anna’s experience (HB), “In the first four weeks I felt that I was sleeping better, right, and I felt I had more energy.”
Joy of living through exercise - a qualitative study of clinically referred adolescents’ experiences of moderate to vigorous exercise as treatment for depression
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Maria Serrander, Ann Bremander, Håkan Jarbin, Ingrid Larsson
Being better equipped to handle difficulties and feeling reassured in knowing what to do if one became depressed again was emphasized by the adolescents who remitted from depression and interpreted as empowering. Improving activity and energy levels increased self-regulation and facilitated lifestyle change. Some adolescents had tried to improve their lifestyle before the intervention, only to give up shortly afterward, since they had exaggerated their efforts in the beginning and tried to change all habits at the same time. Instead, starting with a low-key exercise at the beginning of the intervention enabled participation. Those who remitted from depression expressed confidence in using the same approach; namely exercise and reasonable expectations also in other activities and endeavours, such as returning to school.
Dietary supplement use in younger and older men exercising at gyms in Cape Town
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Marjanne Senekal, Shelly Meltzer, Anri Horne, Nicole CG Abrey, Lauren Papenfus, Stefan van der Merwe, Norman J Temple
Supplement use may carry further risks, including increased risk for muscle dysmorphia,16 contamination with harmful or banned substances,4,22 and allergic reactions and toxic effects.23 A recent study estimated that 23 000 visits occur each year to emergency departments in the United States as a result of harm caused by supplements.24 This is likely to be a substantial underestimate as it excludes cases where the physician failed to make a connection between the medical problem and use of supplements. The type of supplements most often linked to this problem are those recommended to increase energy levels and promote weight loss.24 In addition, the chronic effects of long-term dietary supplement use are unknown as long-term studies are lacking. It is also possible that dietary supplement use creates a false sense of nutrition adequacy, de-emphasising the importance of healthy eating.