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Cancer Biology and Genetics for Non-Biologists
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
the triples in brackets are codons that together will code for a particular protein. The AUG is a start codon for starting the translation, the GUG, codes for an amino acid called valine, CGC for arginine, …., CCC for proline, AAU for asparagine and UAA is a stop codon. Table 2.1 shows the 64 possible codons and their amino acids. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings in the amino acids to match the mRNA codon coding. The chain of amino acids is a polypeptide, which is then folded into a three-dimensional structure, which is the protein. Cells do not make proteins all the time, only when they are signalled to do so.
Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the smallest of the 3 types of RNA, with about 75–95 nucleotides, and is an essential component of translation. Its main function is the transfer of amino acids during protein synthesis (112). Additionally, some RNAs are enzymes. It was widely believed for many years that only proteins could be enzymes. RNAs are now known to adopt complex tertiary structures and act as biological catalysts. Such RNA enzymes are known as ribozymes, and they exhibit many of the features of a classical enzyme, such as an active site, a binding site for a substrate, and a binding site for a cofactor, such as a metal ion (112–113). In brief, DNA and RNA are two ‘brothers’: they have some common traits, but also different characters. They need to help each other for the proper functioning of their mission.
Genetics
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
RNA translation to protein (cytoplasm)Mediated by transfer RNAs (tRNAs).mRNA are ‘coding’ RNAs – translated into proteins.microRNA are ‘non-coding’ RNAs– not translated → modulate protein expression by annealing to mRNA:The 5' end of miRNA binds to the 3' end of mRNA.miRNA‒mRNA pair recruits a silencing complex: RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) → the fate of mRNA depends on the complementation.‘Perfect complementation’→ mRNA degradation.‘Imperfect complementation’ → altered translation of mRNA (may lead to oncogenesis).
Blocking SP/NK1R signaling improves spinal cord hemisection by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rabbits
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Yuehuan Zheng, Nannan Wang, Zhe Chen, Liqiang Shi, Xiangyang Xu
The normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) requires the interaction of multiple cell types, including neurons, glial cells, and non-nerve cells.23 Electron microscopy shows that the nissl body is a ribosome similar to the rough endoplasmic reticulum pool in neurons. Each ribosome is a complex composed of rRNA and proteins that use transfer RNA and amino acids to synthesize proteins from mRNA. In other words, the nissl bodies is a major component of the neuronal protein synthesis mechanism.24 It is reported that the nissl bodies is a large basophilic mass and particle in the neuronal cell body or dendrites. When neurons are damaged, the nissl bodies dissolve and even disappear. During damage recovery, the nissl bodies appear again and reach normal levels. Therefore, nissl bodies can be used as markers of the functional state of neurons.24 In this study, we preliminarily found that the number of nissl bodies increased notably in the spinal cord tissue of the rabbits in the OB group on the 7th day, suggesting that the nissl bodies may be involved in the repair process of SCI.
Ribosomopathies and cancer: pharmacological implications
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Gazmend Temaj, Sarmistha Saha, Shpend Dragusha, Valon Ejupi, Brigitta Buttari, Elisabetta Profumo, Lule Beqa, Luciano Saso
Transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying an antisense triplet to decode mRNA and their amino acids are linked to a growing polypeptide chain. The translation process consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and ribosome recycling [2–6]. Genes responsible for nucleolar organization are present in the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes (chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22), the so-called nucleolar organization region (NOR) [7]. Further steps mainly include processing of endo- and exonucleolytic cleavage and modifications, such as pseudouridylation and methylation in rRNAs 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA [8]. RNA Pol III is responsible for the transcription of 5S in the nucleolus, and 5S rRNA genes are organized in clusters of tandem repeat units on chromosome 1 [9]. 5S rRNA is transcribed in the nucleus and remains there before it joins 60S in the form of 5S RNP [10]. Ribosome biosynthesis, including processing three RNA polymerases and activating more than 200 non-ribosomal factors within the nucleolus, requires considerable cellular energy compared to other cellular processes [11,12].
RNA therapeutics for retinal diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Michael C Gemayel, Ashay D. Bhatwadekar, Thomas Ciulla
Eukaryotic ribosomal selective glycosides (ERSGs) are one type of TRIDs that functions to increase the ribosomal read-through activity of an mRNA. Unlike other types of RNA therapeutics discussed previously, ERSGs are not mutation specific. Eloxx pharmaceuticals is currently developing ERSGs for the treatment of cystic fibrosis and cystinosis, with their lead compound, ELX-02, currently undergoing phase 2 study following successful demonstration of safety and tolerability [79]. Pre-clinical studies of ELX-02 demonstrated the ability to restore the expression and function of disease-associated nonsense mutations in cystic fibrosis models through induction of translation read through. This read-through activity of ELX-02 is carried out by increasing the probability that a near cognate transfer RNA (tRNA) will bind premature stop codons and remove class 1 releasing factors, enabling the continuation of translation [79].