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Production of Neurochemicals by Microorganisms
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Alexander V. Oleskin, Boris A. Shenderov
Accordingly, one of the potentially important effects of microbial neurochemicals is based on their capacity to help the plant organism maintain Fe homeostasis. Catecholamines can chelate ferric iron, removing it from catecholamine-binding proteins that, in the animal organism, are exemplified by lactoferrin and transferrin of the blood serum and other biological fluids. Catecholamine-bound iron becomes available to bacterial cells that use specific carriers—siderophores (such as enterobactin in E. coli) to transfer it into the cell (see review Oleskin et al., 2016, p. 7). For instance, catecholamines stimulate the growth of some strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria on the serum-containing SAPI medium (Yunes, 2017) and not on the serum-free BS medium. It seems likely, therefore, that the catecholamines serve as iron chelators in this system (reviewed, Oleskin et al., 2017b).
Tinidazole
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Fiona Doukas, Eunice Liu, Thomas Gottlieb
Tinidazole appears to have some in vitro activity against Borrelia burgdorferi, with significant reduction in the conversion of mobile spirochetes to cystic forms during incubation, although the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) vis-à-vis mobile spirochetes was > 128 μg/ml at 37°C in micro-oxic conditions (Brorson and Brorson, 2004). Another in vitro study showed tinidazole reduced both spirochetal and cystic round body forms of B. burgdorferi by 80–90%, and the detectable spirochete load by 95%, although 3–4% of the remaining population was viable (Sapi et al., 2011). In terms of the qualitative effects on biofilm forms of B. burgdorferi, tinidazole was superior to doxycycline, amoxicillin, tigecycline, and metronidazole in reducing viable organisms (90% vs. 75–85%) (Sapi et al., 2011). However the clinical relevance of these in vitro studies is yet to be determined.
The Philippines
Published in Dinesh Bhugra, Samson Tse, Roger Ng, Nori Takei, Routledge Handbook of Psychiatry in Asia, 2015
Paul V. Lee, Salvador Benjamin D. Vista, Victoria Patricia C. De la Llana
Traditionally, explanatory models of disease and illness in general were related to inanimate objects or to natural and supernatural phenomena. Mental illness might be due to “angry deities whom the victims have displeased,” witches or mangkukulam who chant incantations or prick dolls, or devilmen or mangangaway who pray to Satan to cause symptoms (Yap, 1995), or even spirits possessing the patient. These are apparent in the use of the terms “kulam” or “sapi” as explanations for behavioral changes.
TSST-1 protein exerts indirect effect on platelet activation and apoptosis
Published in Platelets, 2022
Min Guo, Tiantian Yi, Qian Wang, Daqing Wang, Ping Feng, Dai Kesheng, He Chunyan
The tst gene positive and negative strains were obtained from the Clinical Laboratory of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Soochow, China). All strains were investigated with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) combined with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to identify the genetic background, as described previously [29,30]. Subsequently, whole genome sequencing technology was used to select sixteen strains which belong to the same ST 5 clone. Among those strains, three isolates characterized with the Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity Island (SaPI) where tst was found together with sec3 and sel gene were chosen. Correspondingly, three isolates that without SaPI containing tst gene used as control. The assemblies were annotated using RAST (Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology) server, and the SaPI-containing contigs were extracted, followed by manual curation using NCBI BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast) against other S. aureus SaPIs. Other virulent genes including hla, lukD, lukE, seg, sei, and sem were present in six selected isolates and they all belonged to SCCmec type II characterized with spa type t002.
Assessing How Gender, Relationship Status, and Item Wording Influence Cues Used by College Students to Decline Different Sexual Behaviors
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2020
Tiffany L. Marcantonio, Kristen N. Jozkowski
Despite these limitations, our findings have important implications for SAPI. Our results suggest there are a variety of refusal cues students use to communicate they do not consent to engage in sexual activity. Some of these refusal cues are absent from programming and education initiatives (e.g., bartering, not reciprocating sex, lying, giving an excuse). Educators should also discuss how refusal communication can vary by context (e.g., single students were less likely to use Variations of Saying No for vaginal-penile sex). Finally, SAPI should highlight that college students endorse these implicit and non-verbal refusal cues. Thus, when students are confronted with such a cue, they should recognize it as a refusal and check in with their partner.
Bacteriophages for ESKAPE: role in pathogenicity and measures of control
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Amrita Patil, Rajashri Banerji, Poonam Kanojiya, Santosh Koratkar, Sunil Saroj
Furthermore, a sequencing study illustrated the presence of prophage in clinical isolates of S. aureus CC398. Ancestor naïve cells of S. aureus CC398 which were devoid of prophage can colonize only the animal cells. However, prophage containing S. aureus CC398 can affect both humans and animals. This indicates the potential role of prophage in the transfer of human pathogenesis phenotype (such as the ability to bind to human extracellular matrix proteins and to enter and live within non-phagocytic cells) to naïve S. aureus CC398 cells [120]. Also, an RNA seq data of S. aureus RN450 and S. aureus RN450 biofilms, encompassing prophages ϕ80α and ϕ11, exhibited a difference in their gene expression profiles. Biofilms of prophage-carrying strain displayed elevated expression of the SigB regulon and decreased expression of the genes regulated by the Agr quorum-sensing systems and protease encoding genes, responsible for bacterial dispersion. Though prophage carrying strains presented increased biofilm formation, further studies are required to understand the role of the two prophages in establishing an infection [121]. Certain bacteriophages play a key role in the inter-genus (e.g., S. aureus to Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk) as well as the intra-genus transfer of SaPI [122]. SaPI encodes its repressor Stl that possesses several domains to interact with the bacteriophage proteins. Bacteriophage proteins bind to Stl repressor and initiate SaPI transfer. The mechanism for the transfer of SaPI demonstrates the role of bacteriophage in inducing pathogenicity of the recipient strain of other genera [123]. Similarly, another study revealed the role of the prophages in the induction of SaPIs in seven clinical isolates of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain. MRSA carrying ɸSa2mw and ɸSa3mw bacteriophages assist the transfer of SaPImw2 pathogenicity island encoding sec, sel, and ear enterotoxins by binding to Stl-DUF3113 [124].