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Cytokines and Alveolar Type II Cells
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Alveolar type II cells synthesize, store, and secrete the surface active material that lines the alveolar space and stabilizes the alveolus at low lung volumes by decreasing the surface tension of the alveolar lining fluid. This material is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Approximately 70–80% of the phospholipid in surfactant is phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol is the second major phospholipid component (Rooney, 1985). Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine composes 50–60% of the phosphatidyl-choline and is thought to be the major phospholipid species responsible for the stability of the surface active material lining the alveolar space (Wright and Clements, 1987; Clements and Tierney, 1965). The alveolar type II cell is the major source of surface active material within the lung. The biosynthetic pathways, metabolism, secretion, and uptake of surfactant by alveolar type II cells have been extensively reviewed (Rooney, 1985; Wright and Clements, 1987; Wright, 1990; Chander and Fisher, 1990; Mendelson and Boggaram, 1990). This chapter will focus on the effect of cytokines and hormones on surfactant biosynthesis and secretion by alveolar type II cells (Table 1). Pharmacologic agents used to stimulate surfactant synthesis or secretion will not be reviewed.
Gestational Diabetes
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
A. Dhanya Mackeen, Richard S. Vigh, Kajal Angras
In women requiring medication, management is usually similar to that of the pregestational diabetic, and delivery is advocated at 39 0/7–39 6/7 weeks. In general (truly), indicated delivery before 39 weeks, should not require assessment of fetal maturity. If assessment of fetal lung maturity is performed, laboratory tests are interpreted as in non-diabetic patients, with the addition of phosphatidylglycerol ≥3% accepted by most authorities as the lab value indicating the least risk for fetal respiratory insufficiency in diabetic women. Patients should be cautioned that a positive test does not preclude infant morbidities. While recognizing that macrosomia remains a difficult antenatal diagnosis to make both clinically and by ultrasound, cesarean is recommended for fetuses estimated to be >4500 g (see Chapter 48). Operative delivery should be avoided in women with a prolonged second stage of labor and when fetal weight is estimated to be >4000 g [1].
Amniocentesis
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Aris Antsaklis, Marianna Theodora
Fetal lung maturity can be assessed indirectly using both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of amniotic fluid. Pulmonary maturity can be assessed by the measurement of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio or the concentration of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid. Similarly, the detection of lamellar bodies and the study of other characteristics of the amniotic fluid may give information about lung maturity. However, the improvement in neonatal care and the accurate confirmation of gestational age with ultrasound early in pregnancy have diminished the need for examination of amniotic fluid and thus amniocentesis in order to confirm lung maturity.
Sulfur mustard analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide increases triglycerides by activating DGAT1-dependent biogenesis and inhibiting PGC1ɑ-dependent fat catabolism in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Feng Ye, Qinya Zeng, Guorong Dan, Yuanpeng Zhao, Wenpei Yu, Jin Cheng, Mingliang Chen, Bin Wang, Jiqing Zhao, Yan Sai, Zhongmin Zou
To classify the different components of the increased lipids, DMSO (0.09%)- and CEES (0.9 mM)-treated cells were harvested and sent for lipidomics analysis. Most of the increased lipid fragments (MS2 score >0.90) in CEES-injured cells were TG. Other lipids, such as CE (cholesterol ester), Cer/NS (ceramide/nonhydroxy fatty acid-sphingosine), FAHFA (branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids), HexCer-NDS (hexosylceramide nonhydroxy fatty acid-dihydrosphingosine), HexCer-NS (hexosylceramide nonhydroxy fatty acid-sphingosine), LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine), MGDG (monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol), PG (phosphatidylglycerol), and SHexCer/NDS (sulfated hexose ceramide/nonhydroxy fatty acid-dihydrosphingosine) were also increased. Among them, HexCer/NDS exhibited the highest increase of 15-fold. However, after comparing peak values of the increased lipids, the neutral lipid of TG was shown to be the most abundant (Figure 2(A,B)). The CEES-induced TG increase was confirmed using Triglyceride-Glo™ Assay (Figure 2(C)). The full data of the lipidomics analysis is provided in Supplementary Data (S2).
Oliver McFarlane syndrome: two new cases and a review of the literature
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2021
Kristian Lisbjerg, Mette K. G. Andersen, Mette Bertelsen, Agnes G. Brost, Frederik F. Buchvald, Rikke B. Jensen, Anne-Marie Bisgaard, Thomas Rosenberg, Zeynep Tümer, Line Kessel
Respiratory features in Oliver McFarlane syndrome has only been described in a recent case and was related to prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (4). In both of our cases, remarkable prolonged neonatal respiratory symptoms were demonstrated compared to their mild prematurity. In our adult individual (case 1), history of lung problems was however short and no further respiratory complaints during the long follow up period. In the child (case 2), some features of BPD were documented by the lung biopsy, but it also revealed a significantly more disturbed architecture dominated by the multiple cystic cavities which are not features of classic BPD. Phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl-cholesterol are abundant lipids in lung surfactant which is essential in lung maturation and development in early neonatal RDS (31). Whether the described early respiratory problems classified as RDS in these cases are related to variable degree of surfactant dysfunction is unknown. However, in our young boy (case 2), lung immaturity was more prominent than expected from the gestational age and the multiple cystic cavities are not a characteristic feature of surfactant disorders (32). Furthermore, the significant clinical improvement due to a relatively short course of steroid treatment is highly unusual although surfactant dysfunction lung diseases might be phenotypic heterogenous (33). The prognosis of the lung abnormalities in case 2 are unknown.
Factors determining phage stability/activity: challenges in practical phage application
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak, Norbert Łodej, Dominika Kula, Barbara Owczarek, Filip Orwat, Ryszard Międzybrodzki, Joanna Neuberg, Natalia Bagińska, Beata Weber-Dąbrowska, Andrzej Górski
In a study by Nobrega et al. (2016), a T7 E. coli phage was used as a model and its genome was modified with the E. coli phosphoporin E protein peptide signal (PhoE) by linking it to the major capsid protein, allowing phospholipids to attach to the phage capsid [186]. During transcription, the assembled phage mutant was able to bind phospholipids from the internal leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane after ionic interaction with the polar head group, e.g. phosphatidylglycerol. The stability of the recombinant phages was tested under simulated GIT conditions. The results showed better stability of mutant phages compared to wild-type phages (e.g. phage incubation in gastric juice caused significant loss in the titer of T7 phage (wild type) after 90 and 120 min, whereas the T7 PhoE mutant retained its titer without any significant changes). This work presents an alternative to encapsulation, based on the use of phage-engineering methods, which may be a promising strategy to provide additional phage protection against the acidic environment and hostile conditions present in the GIT.