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Lipids
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
Ansell and Dohmen44 studied the incorporation of 32Pi into the brain phospholipids of young rats (50 g) 30 minutes after intramuscular administration of chlorpromazine (20 mg/kg). Since there was no consistent change in the concentration of labeling of the acid-soluble phosphorus pool, they used the ratio of phospholipid specific activity/acid soluble P specific activity as a measure of phospholipid synthesis. Table 6 shows that chlorpromazine-treated rats exhibit a depression of total brain phospholipid synthesis (44% of control). Phosphatidyl choline labeling was reduced to 37% and that of phosphatidyl ethanol-amine to 50% of control. The depression of synthesis was observed uniformly in different parts of rat brain.
Toxicology Studies of Semiconductor Nanomaterials: Environmental Applications
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
T. P. Nisha, Meera Sathyan, M. K. Kavitha, Honey John
Hydrophobicity of semiconductor nanomaterials can also be improved by encapsulation with amphiphobic molecules like phospholipids or liposomes. The hydrophilic nature of these materials makes them water soluble whereas the hydrophobic domain helps the encapsulation of semiconductor nanomaterials. The hydrophobic fatty acid group and hydrophilic phosphate group of phospholipids help them to form lipid bilayers and can efficiently enclose the semiconductor QDs. Phospholipid micelles like poly ethylene glycol phosphatidyl ethanol amine (PEG-PE), or phosphatidyl choline (PC) can improve the biocompatibility (Dubertret et al., 2002). Liposomes, another class of material used for enveloping semiconductor QDs, are composed of an internal hydrophilic chamber and hydrophobic phosphor lipid bilayer. These nanomaterials have been used as carriers of pharmaceutical drugs, making them ready to use for biological applications (Al-Jamal et al., 2008).
The Role of the Clinical Laboratory in Nutritional Assessment
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
The two primary biomarkers of alcoholism are gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT).32 Phosphatidylethanol is another biomarker of regular alcohol consumption. In a 1989 study, 19 of 22 (86%) self-reported alcoholics had elevated CDT levels, versus none of 47 patients with non-alcoholic liver disease.33 In a more current study, of the various biomarkers for alcoholism, CDT had the highest area under the curve (0.77), followed by GGT (0.68).34 The percentage of excessive drinkers with aspartate aminotransferase:alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST:ALT) >2 was only 2%, a very low sensitivity. CDT typically normalizes within weeks of abstinence. Importantly, there are other causes of elevated CDT levels, including congenital disorders of glycosylation (e.g., hereditary fructosamine and galactosemia) and other genetic and nongenetic causes of liver disease.
Administrative coding for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is accurate in Swedish patients
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Hanne Åström, Axel Wester, Hannes Hagström
We evaluated the presence of coexisting liver diseases to identify patients with ‘pure’ NAFLD. These included 1) alcohol-related liver disease, defined as either a history of overconsumption of alcohol (≥30 g/day in men and ≥20 g/day in women), phosphatidylethanol levels ≥0.3 μmol/L, if a physician documented a high alcohol consumption without note of the quantity, or a diagnostic code for alcohol use disorders (ICD-10: F10.0–F10.7W) or alcohol-related liver disease (ICD-10: K70.0–K70.9); 2) signs of hepatitis B or hepatitis C defined as either presence of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C RNA or hepatitis C antibodies on testing, or a diagnostic code for viral hepatitis (ICD-10: B18); 3) signs of autoimmune liver disorders (autoimmune hepatitis [K75.4], primary biliary cholangitis [K74.3], or primary sclerosing cholangitis [K83.0A]), requiring that an ICD-10 diagnosis was made by a specialist in hepatology using standard criteria; or 4) an ICD-10 code for any other competing chronic liver disease (hemochromatosis [E83.1] Wilson’s disease [E83.0B], alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency [E88.0A], porphyria [E80], or other rare liver-related diagnoses). We required that none of these criteria were met before, at, or within six months after the NAFLD diagnosis, to define ‘pure ‘NAFLD.
Blood phosphatidyl ethanol levels as a tool to detect alcohol misuse in trauma patients
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Fernando Engel Gerbase, Mariane Tegner, Maria Eduarda Krutzmann, Victória Vendramini Muller, Jonatan de Andrade Alff, Vanessa Becher da Silva, Octaviano Pereira Sagrilo, Rafael Linden, Marina Venzon Antunes
In recent years, phosphatidylethanol (PEth), a direct ethanol biomarker, has attracted special attention as a novel method of alcohol misuse screening in blood [26]. PEth is formed only in the presence of ethanol. Therefore, the diagnostic specificity of PEth as an alcohol marker is theoretically 100% [27]. The half-life of PEth in human blood is about 4–6 days, and it can be detected after 28 days of sobriety [28]. The blood concentration of PEth is correlated with the amount of alcohol ingested in the previous 2–4 weeks, making possible the classification of different drinking patterns [29]. PEth has repeatedly outperformed traditional indirect alcohol biomarkers such as carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to detect alcohol use disorders in different scenarios [30,31]. Also, blood measurements of PEth evidenced underreporting of alcohol use when self-reported questionnaires were used, in different populations [24,26,32,33].
Relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and binge drinking among college students in South Korea
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2020
Minkyung Kang, Shane A. Phillips, Mariann R. Piano
Prior to the study visit, participants fasted overnight; all visits were scheduled between 8 am and 12 pm. After questionnaire completion, venous blood was collected into either serum separator tubes or tubes containing sodium citrate for measurement of hs-CRP, fibrinogen, and a lipid profile (TC, HDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-c], and triglycerides [TG]). Tubes were centrifuged, and plasma was removed and stored at 4 °C. All samples were shipped within 24 hours of collection to a commercial laboratory (Seoul Clinical Laboratory; Korea). In a subset of participants, the direct alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) was measured to confirm drinking status. For PEth measurement, blood spots were placed onto blood spot cards, which were shipped to the U.S. Drug Testing Laboratory (USDTL; Des Plaines, IL). The detection limit for dried blood spot PEth analysis was 8 ng/mL; PEth levels >8 ng/mL were considered evidence of moderate to heavy drinking (Piano et al., 2015).