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The Pathophysiology of Male Infertility
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Recent insights on male infertility display a vast array of epigenetic modifications of spermatozoa [76–78]. Epigenetics imply heritable mechanisms regulating gene expressions, which do not cause actual alterations in the concerned DNA sequences. Epigenetic processes include histone modifications, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Identified ncRNAs include the diverse classes of small micro RNAs (miRNA), interfering (siRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), small nucleolar (snoRNAs), and piwi-interacting (piRNAs) [79].
Toxicogenomics
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Anirudh J. Chintalapati, Zacharoula Konsoula, Barile Frank A.
Genome-wide analysis in eukaryotes reveals a very small amount, 1 to 2%, of the transcribed genome to be functionally active, encoding proteins essential for regulating biological processes; the transcribed, non-protein-coding segment of DNA is referred to as junk DNA, and its nontranslatable product is labeled noncoding RNA. microRNAs (miRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and a diverse group of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered, which differentially target and modulate genomic transcription and translation. miRNAs specifically target and bind to functional mRNA, which leads to posttranscriptional gene silencing and suppression of translation. lncRNAs are postulated to recruit chromatin remodeling complexes to specific gene loci, resulting in progressive transcriptional manipulation.
Aging Epigenetics
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Aging: Exploring a Complex Phenomenon, 2017
Vasily V. Ashapkin, Lyudmila I. Kutueva, Boris F. Vanyushin
A comparison of the cerebral cortex transcriptomes between 6-, 12-, and 28-month-old rats revealed differential expression of genes related to MHC II presentation and serotonin biosynthesis, as well as a wide group of noncoding genes [13]. Across the three age groups, differential expression was found for 136 transcripts, 37 of which do not map to known exons. Fourteen of these transcripts were identified as novel long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Evidence of isoform switching was also found. Therefore, in addition to changes in the expression of protein-coding genes, changes in transcript splicing, isoform usage, and noncoding RNAs occur with age.
LncTUG1 ameliorates renal tubular fibrosis in experimental diabetic nephropathy through the miR-145-5p/dual-specificity phosphatase 6 axis
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Taoxia Wang, Shubei Cui, Xiaoli Liu, Li Han, Xiaoting Duan, Shuning Feng, Sen Zhang, Guiying Li
Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) has almost no protein-coding ability but has a wide range of biological functions. As an evolutionarily conserved Inc RNA, TUG1 could regulate mitochondrial bioenergy in DN [27]. The study also found that the expression of TUG1 in the podocytes of diabetic mice decreased significantly while upregulating TUG1 could improve mitochondrial function and improve DN podocyte injury. TUG1 is also a regulator of lung fibrosis caused by hypoxia, and an important regulator of cardiac fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation [28]. In the current study, by in vitro study, we confirmed that over expression of TUG1 could significantly reduce the Collagen IV and fibronectin expression in HG-treated HK2 cells; Meanwhile, by AAV-TUG1 lentivirus vector delivery, we also confirm that exogenous TUG1 administration also significantly improve the renal function and ameliorate the interstitial fibrosis in DN mice. All these results prove that TUG1 has satisfactory renal protective effect.
Altered long non-coding RNAs expression in normal and diseased primary human airway epithelial cells exposed to diesel exhaust particles
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
C. M. Sabbir Ahmed, Alexa Canchola, Biplab Paul, Md Rubaiat Nurul Alam, Ying-Hsuan Lin
A number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the etiology of lung cancer (Jiang et al. 2019). LncRNAs are noncoding transcripts that exceed 200 nucleotides in length, and they have recently been identified as one of the biggest and most diverse RNA families. LncRNAs are categorized as intergenic (between genes), intragenic/intronic (within genes), or antisense depending on their proximity to protein-coding genes (Derrien et al. 2012). While the biological functions of most lncRNAs are unclear, several lncRNAs have been identified as regulators of cancer initiation and progression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and differentiation (Sun et al. 2018). The expression of both lncRNA and mRNA profiles has been shown to be significantly affected by traffic-related PM exposure, which is thought to be linked to a variety of disorders. In particular, lncRNAs have a vital regulatory function in the metabolic reprogramming associated with human cancer (Sellitto et al. 2021). The expression levels of lncRNAs are tightly controlled in the healthy state and can be disrupted by a variety of mechanisms during the development of disease.
Trophectoderm non-coding RNAs reflect the higher metabolic and more invasive properties of young maternal age blastocysts
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Panagiotis Ntostis, Grace Swanson, Georgia Kokkali, David Iles, John Huntriss, Agni Pantou, Maria Tzetis, Konstantinos Pantos, Helen M. Picton, Stephen A. Krawetz, David Miller
The interplay between non-coding RNAs and double stranded DNA in mediating gene expression (Mondal et al. 2015; O’Leary et al. 2015) or silencing (Martianov et al. 2007; Schmitz et al. 2010) is now more widely accepted. The position of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) with respect to its neighbouring genes could play an important role in their regulatory function. Moreover, by regulating neighbouring loci and/or by generating a chromatin state that affects the expression of genes lying nearby (Gil and Ulitsky 2020), lncRNAs play an important role in cis regulatory elements (Luo et al. 2016). LncRNAs can interfere with the transcription machinery, promoting gene silencing by altering the accessibility to and recruitment of transcription factors including RNA polymerase II, or by altering/inducing specific histone modifications affecting gene expression (Thebault et al. 2011; Latos et al. 2012; Stojic et al. 2016; Rom et al. 2019).