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HLA-DR and -DQ Serotyping
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
HLA-DR13 and DR14 (DR6). The specificities of the DR6 group, DR13 and DR14, are probably the least well defined. A few sera have been found in IHW which are monospecific for DR14 or almost monospecific for DR13.9 However, DR13 is more often defined using sera that also react with DR8, DR11, and DR12, and so usually cannot be defined in the presence of these specificities; HLA-DR14 can be defined by negativity with such sera. At the time of this writing, monospecific reagents have not been found for DR1403 or DR1404. HLA-DR1403 is defined by “long” sera (i.e., reacting with a number of specificities — DR8, DR11, DR12, DR13 plus DR1403). Sera positive with DR1404 generally also react with DR8 and/or DR12.10
The small molecule antibody mimic SH7139 targets a family of HLA-DRs expressed by B-cell lymphomas and other solid cancers
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Rod Balhorn, Monique Cosman Balhorn, Karuppiah Balakrishnan, Robert B. Rebhun
With respect to HLA-DR14, however, there are no unique differences in surface or buried amino acids located near Site 2 that might explain why SH7129 binds to HLA-DR10 but does not bind to HLA-DR14 (DRB1*14:01 or DRB1*14:06). There were also no unique residues in the sequences that contribute to the formation of the surfaces of the other HLA-DR14 sites. What cannot be ruled out, in HLA-DR14 or any of the other HLA-DR variants that did not bind SH7129, are changes in residues located outside the binding site cavities that may induce subtle changes in protein packing or the properties of specific regions of the antigen-binding cavity. Such changes could prevent the binding of SH7129 or reduce its affinity sufficiently that its binding might not be detected under the stringent washing conditions used in the staining protocol.
Improving laboratory diagnostics in myasthenia gravis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Matteo Gastaldi, Silvia Scaranzin, Pietro Businaro, Emanuela Mobilia, Luana Benedetti, Giampaola Pesce, Diego Franciotta
MuSK antibody-associated MG affects 1–10% of patients with MG, and mainly those that are seronegative for AChR antibodies. MuSK-MG patients are more frequently young adult females, and preferentially present with bulbar, neck, or respiratory muscle weakness [41]. In contrast with what found in the AChR antibody-associated MG, myasthenic crises are more frequent and severe, thymus histology is normal, or only slightly abnormal, and the patients more often require combined steroids and other immunosuppressant treatments [42]. The disease is highly associated with the HLA DR14-DQ5 haplotype [43,44]. Recent data, however, show that a subgroup of patients with early response to treatment can have a better prognosis [45].
Progress towards precision medicine for lupus: the role of genetic biomarkers
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2018
Juan-Manuel Anaya, Kelly J. Leon, Manuel Rojas, Yhojan Rodriguez, Yovana Pacheco, Yeny Acosta-Ampudia, Diana M. Monsalve, Carolina Ramirez-Santana
In spite of a strong association between some HLA-DRB1 alleles and SLE, the disease cannot be predicted based only on the HLA genotype [86]. Most genetic studies of SLE have concluded that HLA-DR3, HLA-DR9, HLA-DR15 are strong risk factors for SLE. In contrast, HLA-DR4, HLA-DR11, and HLA-DR14 are considered protective factors [86,87]. In addition, some HLA alleles have also been associated with some subphenotypes, such as LN and cutaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (CSLE) (Table 3) [82,86–101].