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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Genetic changes are the cause of cancer especially DNA damage and genomic instability (Ferguson et al. 2015; Basu 2018). A few are due to genetic inheritance However, mostly the environment, i.e. anything outside the human body that interacts with it, lifestyle, or behavioural exposures lead to cancer. In general, cancer is not contagious in humans, though it can be caused by viruses and cancer bacteria. Avoiding exposure to such factors can contribute to a 75–80% reduction in cancer deaths. Environmental factors include exposure to different chemical and physical agents; for example, tobacco (accounts ~30% of cancer deaths), pollutants, diet and obesity (accounts ~35% of cancer deaths), infections (accounts ~20% of cancer deaths) and radiation (accounts ~10% of cancer deaths) (Merlo et al. 2012; Parsa 2012).
Aging
Published in Victor A. Bernstam, Pocket Guide to GENE LEVEL DIAGNOSTICS in Clinical Practice, 2019
DNA damage can be expressed in various epigenetic effects such as induction of the protooncogene c-fos, the activity of which can lead to poly-ADP-ribosylation of chromosomal proteins, resulting in modulation of gene expression. Additional mechanisms of genetic instability appear to involve DNA recombinationtransposon-related inactivation of genesDNA amplification
Genomic Instability During Aging of Postmitotic Mammalian Cells
Published in Alvaro Macieira-Coelho, Molecular Basis of Aging, 2017
Genetic instability, genomic instability, and chromosomal instability are terms that have been used somewhat interchangeably, although they tend to have different connotations. In this review, chromosomal instability will be used to describe visible changes in the nucleoprotein complexes that constitute the characteristic structure of individual mitotic chromosomes, i.e., a change in the individual cell’s normal karyotype. Genetic instability will be used to discuss changes in the primary structure of DNA, including covalent modifications (damage) and replication-dependent events (mutations). Lastly, genomic instability will be used to describe all changes that affect DNA-based information in a cell, encompassing both chromosomal and genetic instability, in addition to epigenetic changes. In a final section, the effects of aging on the stability of mitochondrial genomes will be examined. To conclude, there will be an attempt to summarize the evidence that genomic instability is a primary aging process, to determine if sets of data define age-related patterns, to see if predictions can be made from such patterns, and to outline attractive candidates for future study or experimental strategies that might yield more meaningful results.
Main radiation pathways in the landscape of Armenia
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
V. B. Arakelyan, G. E. Khachatryan, A. G. Nalbandyan-Schwarz, C. E. Mothersill, C. B. Seymour, V. L. Korogodina
The contamination of large areas after the Chernobyl accident has shown that low doses of radiation, comparable to the natural background, cause complex adaptation processes. For the first time, Luchnik described the effect of low doses of radiation on stimulation of division of resting cells (Luchnik 1958). Irradiation at low doses causes the bystander effect (Mothersill and Seymour 2001), genomic instability (Korogodin et al. 1977; Dubrova 2003), induces a stress-specific repair system (Mothersill and Seymour 2005) and other processes of adaptation (Korogodina et al. 2013). Radiation-induced genomic instability, bystander, and transgenerational effects include epigenetic mechanisms and possible other basis (Nagar et al. 2003; Kovalchuk and Baulch 2008; Aypar et al. 2011). In humans, these effects are associated with carcinogenesis (Mothersill et al. 2019) and neurodegenerative diseases (Berson et al. 2018).
Approaches for the setting of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for carcinogens
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Genomic instability (the increased tendency for mutations to occur during various types of cellular stress) leading to permanent genetic alterations may be common for many cancer types (Tubbs and Nussenzweig 2017), and efforts to characterise its importance in mathematical terms for the carcinogenesis of e.g. human lung cancer and colon cancer induced by radiation and other external factors have been presented (Kaiser et al. 2014; Li et al. 2019). Genomic instability may lead to hundreds of mutations. A role in experimental chemical carcinogenesis has been indicated (Liu et al. 2015). These examples challenge the concept that a certain order of 6–7 mutations explains the exponential increase of cancer with age, as suggested by Armitage and Doll (1954) and Nordling (1953) (Section 2.5).
Effects of genomic instability in populations of Drosophila melanogaster from regions of Ukraine with different impact of radiation factors
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Alexandra Kravets, Daryna Sokolova
Genetic and radiobiological studies of the last decades have shown that the most important effect of radiation exposure with low intensity is the emergence of genomic instability and its transmission through generations. Forms of manifestation and distant consequences of genomic instability are equally diverse (structural reorganization of the genome, activation of mobile elements, developmental violations, including fluctuating asymmetry, oncological diseases) as well as difficult to predict (Pelevina et al. 1996; Leung et al. 2000; Kuzmina and Suskov 2002; Suskov and Kuzmina 2003; Angelopoulou et al. 2009; Dancause et al. 2010; De Toledo et al. 2017; Fang et al. 2019; Siama et al. 2019). This phenomenon is investigated in various experimental models and has already been identified by some key features: the possibility of transgenerational transmission, the non-clonality of genome disorders that is the instability of the reaction, which is determined by many components.