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Rhinosinusitis
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Rhinosinusitis is a common disease with CRS affecting an estimated 10% of the population worldwide Most ARS is not bacterial and requires symptomatic relief only.CRS is a heterogeneous disease with differing phenotypes and endotypes; the latter have yet to be clearly determined.CRS presents a significant burden on health care resources, but guidelines exist for its medical and surgical management.Where other clues are present, consideration must be given to other systemic causes for sinonasal disease.
Rubella
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Patients with neurological involvement on magnetic resonance imaging show basal ganglia and white matter hyperintensities characterized as bilateral T2 signal hyperintensities in periventricular and subcortical regions, punctate or linear in shape; they were observed predominantly in parietal lobes [28,29]. Basal ganglia and periventricular calcification may also be found best demonstrated by computerized tomography [30] or as hypodense lesions on MRI [31]. Although serologic testing remains the most available laboratory method for confirmation, CRS also can be confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, which detect rubella virus [32]. Any infant infected with rubella in utero can shed virus for <1 year, sometimes longer. Isolation of rubella virus, which can be obtained from nasal, blood, throat, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid specimens (best results come from throat swabs). Serologic testing requires demonstration of rubella-specific IgM antibody, or an infant’s rubella antibody level that persists above and beyond the expected from passive transfer of maternal antibody (i.e., rubella titer that does not drop at the expected rate of a twofold dilution per month). False-positive serum rubella IgM tests have occurred in persons with parvovirus infections, with a positive heterophile test for infectious mononucleosis, or with a positive rheumatoid factor.
Manufacturing and standardizing allergen extracts in Europe
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Jørgen Nedergaard Larsen, Christian Gauguin Houghton, Manuel Lombardero Vega, Hendrik Nolte, Henning Løwenstein
The standard ELISA format is a two-site sandwich assay. An allergen-specific mAb is coated to the microtiter plate and, upon incubating the allergen vaccine, the allergen molecules are captured and subsequently detected using a second mAb or a polyclonal antiserum. An in-house reference, calibrated against a purified allergen preparation or CRS if available, is used as standard. The advantages of mAb based ELISA assays are their suitability for automation, well-defined specificity and an inexhaustible reagent supply, precise quantification in mass units of allergen, detection limits in the range of 0.1–5 ng/mL, and good reproducibility (intra-assay coefficient of variation in the 10%–15% range).
Genetic characterisation of the North-West Indian populations: analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region variations
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Gagandeep Singh, Srinivas Yellapu, Harkirat Singh Sandhu, Indu Sharma, Varun Sharma, A. J. S. Bhanwer
Forward and reverse sequences were aligned using BioEdit v 7.2.5 (Hall 1999) to create a consensus sequence and deposited to GenBank with accession numbers MT312521-MT312729. The consensus sequences were compared with the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) (Andrews et al. 1999). The quality of the sequences was examined and confirmed by two independent researchers. The haplotype classification was carried out following the nomenclature guidelines for mtDNA typing (Bandelt and Parson 2008; Parson et al. 2014) using the mtDNA profiler web tool (http://mtprofiler.yonsei.ac.kr/index.php?cat=1). Haplogroups were assigned using Mitotool (Fan and Yao 2011) and mtDNAmanager (Lee et al. 2008) based on PhyloTree builds 16 and 17 and heterozygous variants were excluded while naming haplogroups. All the samples were checked manually using mtDNA tree Build 17 for the variants and the haplogroups assigned to the individual samples with respect to variants (Van Oven and Kayser 2009).
Investigation of control region sequences of mtDNA in Naqu Tibetan population from Northwestern China
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Wen-qing Yue, Mao-ling Sun, Feng Han, Jiu-jun Li, Tsewang Rigzin, Tashi Dhondup, Hai-bo Liu, Dong-yue Li, Xuan Li, Yan-ming Xu, Xiao-na Li
The sequences were screened independently by two researchers and confirmed by a third to re-examine the electropherograms, especially for point heteroplasmies and indels. The collected sequences of mtDNA HVI and HVII region were aligned and compared with the revised Cambridge reference sequence (rCRS) (Anderson et al. 1981; Andrews et al. 1999). Haplogroups were classified using mtDNA Build 16 (van Oven and Kayser 2009). Comparisons of the allele frequency distributions and principal component analysis (PCA) were calculated using SPSS PASW Statistics v. 18.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL). Genetic distances were measured between the Naqu Tibetan population and the other populations (Chen et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2011; Gomes et al. 2015; Xu and Hu 2015; Rakha et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017; Park et al. 2017; Xu et al. 2017; Xie et al. 2019) using Fst (fixation index) via Arlequin Software v3.5 (Excoffier and Lischer 2010). The rootless phylogenetic tree was visualised using Treeview software (Excoffier and Lischer 2010).
Maternal genetic link of a south Dravidian tribe with native Iranians indicating bidirectional migration
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
Charles Sylvester, Mysore Siddaiah Krishna, Jaya Sankar Rao, Adimoolam Chandrasekar
Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples following the phenol/chloroform method (Sambrook et al. 1989). The complete mtDNA genome was amplified with 24 standard primers (Rieder et al. 1998) using the Gene Amp PCR system 9700 thermal cyclers (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), was checked on 2% agarose gels and was directly sequenced using a Big Dye Terminator v3.1 Cycle sequencing ready reaction kit and ABI PRISM 3730 DNA Analyser (Applied Biosystems). Mutations were scored in accordance with the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) (Andrews et al. 1999) and aligned with MEGA v7 (Kumar et al. 2016). Sequences were screened for putative R30 and U1 haplogroups with HaploGrep (Kloss-Brandstatter et al. 2011). The 40 newly-generated complete mtDNA sequences reported in this study have been submitted to the GenBank database under accession numbers: MH499962–MH500001.