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Sustainable Transport as a Key Pillar to Community Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Abbas Rajabifard, Greg Foliente, Daniel Paez, COVID-19 Pandemic, Geospatial Information, and Community Resilience, 2021
As cities gradually exit COVID-19 quarantines, some are suggesting that public transport might increase contagion risk and that private cars should be considered the only safe alternative. This view, however, is based on perception rather than facts. Moreover, promoting widespread car use could actually impede recovery and come with a host of negative side effects, especially for the poor. This chapter uses the Three Cs framework—avoid closed and crowded spaces, and closed contact situations and in particular their overlap—to understand how sustainable transport can be resilient to the pandemic. To minimize the three Cs while preserving the economy the ideal is to have people work from home which applies only to workers who tele-commute. Yet for first responders, blue-collar, and informal workers getting to work is essential for generating income. Sustainable transport can provide efficient, dependable mobility that connects people to opportunities and be COVID-safe during this pandemic.
Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
CAR is found to colocalize with TJ proteins such as occludin and ZO-1 in various tissues such as kidney and brain as well as cultured epithelial cells.50 In vitro studies have revealed that CAR mediates homotypic interaction.20 Overexpression of CAR in airway epithelial cells increases TER, while soluble CAR or anti-CAR antibody cause TJ disruption in airway epithelial cells and MDCK cells.20,51 In addition, yeast two-hybrid analyses have revealed that cytoplasmic domain of CAR directly interacts with various TJ-associated molecules such as MUPP-1, MAGI-1, and TAPP1.21,52 These data further support the idea that CAR is a crucial player in barrier function.
Impact of global environmental issues on health
Published in Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt, Bills of Health, 2018
Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt
6 Measures to discourage car use may have synergistic effects. Measures A, B and C might each produce a 3% reduction in car use, but applied together they might produce a 20% reduction. Wholesale commitment is required.
Superior antitumor immunotherapy efficacy of kynureninase modified CAR-T cells through targeting kynurenine metabolism
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Quanjun Yang, Juan Hao, Mengyi Chi, Yaxian Wang, Bo Xin, Jinglu Huang, Jin Lu, Jie Li, Xipeng Sun, Chunyan Li, Yan Huo, Jianping Zhang, Yonglong Han, Cheng Guo
As a supraphysiological signaling pathway, CAR modification results in a distinct phenotype.3 It is known that inclusion of CD28 domains in the CAR architecture tends to yield effector memory cells by enhancing glycolysis, while 4–1BB in CAR can promote the formation of central memory T cells through metabolic reprogramming by increasing fatty acid oxidation and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis.45 Engineering immunomodulatory fusion proteins of Fas-4-1BB could also significantly enhance human T cell function by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic reprogramming.46 In the present study, we modified CAR-T cells through overexpression or knockout of KYNU. The antitumor activity of KYNU-modified CAR-T cells were verified through in vivo experiments. KYNU-OE CAR-T cells not only catabolized the accumulated Kyn but also changed the phenotype, such as regulating the metabolic activity, expansion, differentiation and longevity of CAR-T cells. For the animal experiment, we injected CAR-T cells into mice, and blood was collected at day 14 for the analysis of resident CAR-T cells. There was an approximately 0.3% percentage of CAR-T cells, and the KYNU-OE CAR-T cell treatment group contained the highest CAR-T cell percentage. Based on a lifespan of effector T cells of approximately 2 weeks,35,47 these resident detected CAR-T cells were the main fighters against the antitumor effect.
Clinical Significance of Nutrition and Inflammation in Esophageal Cancer Patients with Surgery: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Qiuxing Yang, Aiguo Shen, Xudong Chen, Liyuan Guo, Hui Peng, Mingde Gao
A large amount of evidence indicates that in addition to the nutritional indicators mentioned above, the systemic inflammatory response before treatment is regarded as a strong and reliable prognostic biomarker for many solid tumors. Inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets, are commonly used in clinical practice (10). The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) is a combination of serum CRP and albumin counts (11). CAR plays a vital role in tumor development. It reflects a balance between the inflammatory state and nutritional state, and its role in predicting the prognosis of human malignant tumors has been of interest. The prognostic significance of preoperative CAR has been confirmed as a marker for predicting survival in patients with colorectal cancer who underwent potentially curative surgery (12). Although several investigators have reported the relationship between CAR and prognosis of patients with EC, a consensus has not been reached.
Response to Letter to the Editor from Drs. van Kesteren, Pronk, Heusinkveld, Luijten and Hakkert concerning Yamada et al. (2021): Critical evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Crit. Rev. Toxicol. Vol. 51: 373-394.
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Tomoya Yamada, Samuel M. Cohen, Brian G Lake
The framework for MOA analysis and the assessment of the human relevance of an animal MOA for tumor formation MOA is now well established, a fundamental consideration being the comparison of effects in experimental animals with those in humans (Boobis et al. 2006). Based on studies conducted in a number of laboratories over many years, the pivotal species difference is that CAR activators are mitogenic agents in rodent liver (i.e. mice and rats) but not in human hepatocytes (Elcombe et al. 2014; Lake 2018; Yamada 2018; Yamada et al. 2021). In contrast, some other effects of CAR activators, including receptor activation, liver hypertrophy and induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, can be demonstrated in both rodent and human liver. In their letter Drs. van Kesteren and colleagues note that phenobarbital (PB) is an “archetypical CAR activator”. PB is indeed a model compound which has been extensively studied both in experimental animals and in humans (Whysner et al. 1996; IARC 2001); with data from investigations in mouse and rat liver providing robust data with which to evaluate if a new chemical (as in Table 1 of our paper) may be classified as a rodent CAR activator and hepatocyte mitogen (Elcombe et al. 2014; Yamada et al. 2021).