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An Introduction to the Immune System and Vaccines
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
In the acquired response, also known as the adaptive response, a particular reaction by the immune system is triggered in a way that is specific to a particular type of foreign material entering the body, which can be recognized again at another point. I would describe this part of the immune system as being like a skilled archer, who can aim at a specific target and take it out in one shot (Figure 2.1). All living things on earth have some way of monitoring their surroundings to defend themselves. The immune system is critical for survival of an individual and a population, so many of the organism’s resources are devoted to this type of protection (Nicholson 2016).
(Poly)phenols in Exercise Performance and Recovery
Published in James N. Cobley, Gareth W. Davison, Oxidative Eustress in Exercise Physiology, 2022
Research indicates that inflammation and oxidative stress occur following strenuous exercise (Paulsen et al., 2012). These processes are necessary for the structural and functional adaptation of skeletal muscle and other tissue, and hence critical for the resolution of muscle function (Owens et al., 2019). Somewhat paradoxically, nutrition strategies that target the post-exercise inflammatory and oxidative stress response to accelerate recovery could interfere with these processes and thereby inhibit molecular adaptations (Owens et al., 2019). Thus, if the primary purpose is to maximise the training stimulus, athletes and practitioners might need to consider a “periodised” approach to supplementation to support training and competition demands that can maintain the balance for adaptation and optimising recovery. However, there are scenarios when there might be a need to intervene; for example, when the exercise stimulus becomes excessive and impairs function and performance for an extended period, or if the need to accelerate recovery is greater than the need for an adaptive response (e.g., tournament scenario). Consequently, the aim of a recovery intervention is highly dependent upon the purpose of the session and whether it is more important to adapt or to accelerate recovery in preparation for subsequent training or competition.
Emotional Wellness and Stress Resilience
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Gia Merlo, Ariyaneh Nikbin, Hanjun Ryu
Thus, the stress response involves complex interactions between neurochemical, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental components. The stress response was initially an adaptive response that evolved in times when physical damage and deficiencies were the predominant stressors.42 However, many modern-day stressors involve social and mental threats that are often prolonged.42 As exhaustion from various stressors compounds, chronic mental illness, medical illness, or burnout may arise.
An overview of disease models for NLRP3 inflammasome over-activation
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Hongliang Zhang, Ayesha Zahid, Hazrat Ismail, Yujie Tang, Tengchuan Jin, Jinhui Tao
To maintain the homeostasis of the body, an adaptive response in the form of inflammation is made to tackle the harmful stimuli within the body. Mainly tissue damage, infections, and stress cause the inflammation [1]. Inflammasomes which are oligomeric complexes, are an important component of innate immunity and are the major deriving force for inducing the inflammation by using pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) [2]. Three major types of PRRs are known to regulate the function of the inflammasomes which are named as NOD-like receptor (NLR) containing family, the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) [3]. Generally, in these inflammasomes, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and pro-caspase-1 form the core of the inflammasome wherein ACS links pro-caspase-1 to pattern recognition proteins, and the inflammasome activation is mediated by identifying danger or pathogens-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/PAMPs) [4].
Prenatal anxiety, breastfeeding and child growth and puberty: linking evolutionary models with human cohort studies
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
Sinead English, India Wright, Verity Ashburn, Gemma Ford, Doretta Caramaschi
From an evolutionary life history perspective, several explanations have been proposed for the association between prenatal stress and child outcomes. These fall broadly under two categories: developmental constraints imposed by early stress, or adaptive plasticity in response to cues of environmental adversity (Figure 1, see Monaghan 2008; Nettle et al. 2013; Uller et al. 2013; Nettle and Bateson 2015 for general discussion, and Sheriff and Love 2013; Berghänel et al. 2017 on stress). The developmental constraint argument is that long-term effects of exposure to maternal stress are non-adaptive. Stressed mothers have less resources at their disposal to invest in young, thus producing smaller offspring who incur a fitness disadvantage due to this maternal stress. In contrast, the adaptive plasticity explanation proposes that stressed mothers induce the development of adaptations in their offspring that lead to a phenotype adapted to a stressful world (often termed a ‘predictive adaptive response’). More specifically, offspring may follow an accelerated life strategy (Dammhahn et al. 2018) as an adaptation to developing in a harsh environment, with rapid growth and earlier age at reproductive maturity to ensure reproductive success in the face of lower expected lifespan (Gluckman and Hanson 2006). This argument relies on the maternal environment being predictive of later offspring conditions, which can be problematic in species like humans which live in variable environments and have relatively longer lifespans (Wells 2012).
Targets, pools, shoulders, and communication – a reflection on the evolution of low-dose radiobiology
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Carmel Mothersill, Colin Seymour
Adaptive response including adaptation in the evolutionary sense, is often confused with hormesis; however, while hormesis refers to low doses of substances being beneficial while they are toxic at high doses, adaptive responses are a more active process where low dose exposure induces tolerance to subsequent high dose exposure (Olivieri et al. 1984; Wolff 1998; Pennington 2018). Chronic exposures can also lead to tolerance if a high acute dose is administered or encountered (Audette-Stuart et al. 2011; Smith et al. 2011, 2018). Cross adaptation can also occur – most famously in the highly radioresistant deinococcus radiodurans family of bacteria which initially were isolated from vaccum packed meat and are resistant to anoxia, radiation and heat stress (Cox and Battista 2005) or tardigrads which are resistant to radiation, desiccation, and vacuum ( Horikawa et al. 2006, 2012 ). While this is widely known the implications are rarely considered. These might include induced resistance during radiotherapy, rather than ‘iso-effect per fraction’, greater vulnerability to radiation exposure of species from pristine habitats compared to polluted areas or accumulation of tolerance from multiple exposure to diagnostic X-ray exams – hardly widely accepted scenarios.