China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pretty People / Aesthetic Enhancement
Published in Jonathan Anomaly, Creating Future People, 2020
Robert Sparrow argues that parents who attempt to genetically enhance their children will impose relative costs on those who opt out (2011). In the case of aesthetic enhancement, this might mean exacerbating the aesthetic inequalities that exist now. But unless we take where we are now as morally special, we can turn Sparrow’s argument on its head and use it to justify providing universal access to genetic technologies that foster aesthetic enhancement. Nick Bostrom and Toby Ord invented the ‘reversal test’ as a way of challenging status quo bias in applied ethics. They use cognitive enhancement as an example, but the test applies to worries about altering just about any trait from the baseline of where the average is now.
Pharmacological screening of Ayurvedic drugs by experimental studies
Published in C. P. Khare, Evidence-based Ayurveda, 2019
Antagonism of CNS stimulants: Amphetamine induced stimulation.Methods used for assessing anti-depressant activity.Reserpine reversal test.Amphetamine potentiation test in rats.Swimming despair test in mice.
Influence of an adapted dynamic cycling activity on the motor function of children with cerebral palsy (CP)
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
V. Leblanc, F. Tubez, C. Loge, E. Abdi, I. Verstraete, D. Jacquemin, G. Dorban, R. Taiar
Fowler et al. reached similar conclusions in 2010 by offering 360 sessions of static bike training at 58 mobile CP children ages 7 to 18 years. However, no significant differences were found compared to the control group in this study. Researchers of this study noted a significant improvement following the cycling sessions in participants’ motor skills in the items in the lying and reversal test (GMFM-A) (Figure 2). No studies identified have used the GMFM-88 in its entirety to assess the impact of cycling on participants’ motor function. It would then be interesting to verify through further studies whether this finding is confirmed. An improvement in the participants’ locomotor endurance was observed following the cycling activity, but this was not significant. Fowler et al. (2010) demonstrated that cycling has a positive effect on the locomotor endurance of children with CP by observing a significant improvement in this parameter following training on a static bicycle. A significant improvement in the locomotor performance of participants in their daily lives was reported by their parents following the activity, via the Abiloco-Kids (Figure 3). This would mean that the proposed cycling activity had a direct impact on the evolution of this parameter. In 2007, Verschuren et al. (2007) reported that parents of youth with CP who had participated in a physical training program noticed progress in their child’s motor skills and independence.
Withdrawal Aversion and the Equivalence Test
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2019
Dominic Wilkinson, Ella Butcherine, Julian Savulescu
The escalation reversal test. In situations where a treatment can be provided at different levels of intensity, patient P is currently receiving treatment at level T, and you are not prepared to withdraw or reduce T. (For example, the patient is receiving a certain number or level of organ support.) Are you prepared to withhold further escalations of treatment to T+ (e.g., not institute additional organ support, not add additional inotrope)? If prepared to withhold T+, imagine that P were already at T+. Would you be prepared to reduce the patient’s support down to level T? If you would not be prepared to reduce T + to T, that may imply a bias for the status quo (Bostrom and Ord 2006).
Lasting metabolic effect of a high-fructose diet on global cerebral ischemia
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Oluwatomilayo Patience Ojo, Paula Andrea Perez-Corredor, Johanna Andrea Gutierrez-Vargas, Oluwole Busayo Akinola, Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
The Morris water maze test was conducted from 15 to 24 days post-ischemia. The test was performed by using a previously described method Becerra–Calixto and Cardona–Gomez.28 A black plastic tank (2 m in diameter and 40 cm in height) was filled with water (22 ± 2°C) to a depth of 30 cm. The platform (12 cm in diameter) was located at 3 cm below the surface of the water during spatial learning and at 1.5 cm above the surface of the water during the visible session. The platform remained in the same position throughout the learning trials and was removed from the pool during the probe test. The platform was relocated to the opposite position during the reversal test and remained in that position for the visual cue test. Extra maze visual cues that were located around the room were fixed in a position throughout the experiment. Ten trials were performed for learning, with two complete sessions being performed per day over a span of five days. Each session consisted of four successive subtrials, and each subtrial began with the rat being pseudorandomly placed in one of four starting locations. The animals had been trained to stay on the platform for 30 s prior to the initial trial. The latency to reach the platform was evaluated by using a visible platform to control any differences in visual-motor abilities or motivation among the experimental groups. If a rat did not locate the platform after a maximum of 90 s, then it was gently guided to the platform. The animals were then provided with 48 h of retention time, followed by a probe trial of spatial reference memory, in which the animals were placed in the tank without the platform for 60 s. The reversal learning test was performed with three trials, and it was conducted in an identical method as the learning test was performed. The visible test was also performed for 90 s to assess sensorimotor ability and motivation. The latency to reach the same former platform location was recorded during the probe trial. An automated system (viewpoint, Lyon, France) was used to record the latency and swim-path length to locating the platform.