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Substance Use Disorder, Intentional Self-Harm, Gun Violence, and HIV/AIDS
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
There are two viral subtypes of HIV, HIV1 and HIV2. HIV1 is the most common form of the virus, and is responsible for the majority of infections worldwide.8 HIV is transmitted person-to-person through blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, vaginal secretions, rectal fluids, and breast milk. Activities that permit the transmission of HIV include sexual contact including unprotected anal or vaginal sex, sharing of contaminated needles and syringes for the injection of drugs, blood transfusions, unsterile procedures (e.g. cutting or piercing), and accidental needle sticks among healthcare workers.9 Additionally, HIV can pass from mother to child during pregnancy and delivery.9 HIV is not transmitted through saliva, sweat, or tears; however, universal precautions should be practiced in the same manner for individuals with a known or suspected diagnosis of HIV, as for all individuals.
Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in HIV/AIDS
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
The first case of unusual defect in the immune system was detected among gay men in the USA in 1981. In 1982, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was defined, and HIV was isolated in 1983. The main types of HIV are HIV-1 and HIV-2, HIV-2 being less transmissible and less pathogenic. There are several subtypes of HIV-1, and genetic recombination of subtypes results in the generation of mosaic and recombinant viruses. Certain recombinant strains of HIV are present in the circulating blood. The prevalence of specific subtype of HIV or their recombinants varies depending upon the region of the world. It has been shown that HIV primarily kills cells of immune system (CD4 lymphocytes and macrophages that play a key defensive role in viral infection). HIV infection thus results in the progressive decline in the function of immune system. This then makes the host more susceptible to additional infections such as esophageal candidiasis; HIV infection eventually progresses to AIDS.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Sexually Transmitted Disease in the HIV-Positive Patient
Published in Clay J. Cockerell, Antoanella Calame, Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease, 2012
Bryan Gammon, Antoanella Calame, Clay J. Cockerell
When compared with age-matched controls, HPV infections occur more often in HIV-infected patients.206–210 These individuals are also more likely to have widespread, diffuse infections, more HPV-associated neoplasia, as well as more extensive subclinical infections compared to HIV-negative patients.211 HIV-positive patients also tend to be infected with more HPV subtypes than HIV-negative controls.208,212,213 The extent of HPV disease and viral shedding increases as CD4 cell count falls and there are data to suggest that HIV infection potentiates HPV replication and disease progression166,212 as HIV influences gene transcription of HPV.215,216
Lenacapavir: a twice-yearly treatment for adults with multidrug-resistant HIV infection and limited treatment options
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Lenacapavir is a welcome addition to the toolkit of treatment for HIV providers and patients. It is currently the longest-acting antiretroviral agent approved for HIV treatment. It has favorable characteristics, including its remarkable picomolar potency that has important implications, such as the volume and amount of drug needed to be administered to achieve desired virologic activity. Additionally, lenacapavir has shown its potency, when administered as monotherapy, to result in up to 2 log10 copies/ml reductions in HIV viral load, which is at the top end of virologic responses to monotherapy with any other approved antiretroviral agents. Furthermore, lenacapavir also has a significant breadth of antiviral activity against various HIV-1 groups and subtypes, including HIV variants that harbor resistance to the four main classes of ARV agents, as well as entry inhibitors [16]. These characteristics position lenacapavir to be an optimal agent for treatment of patients with multidrug-resistant HIV-1.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma and its association with EBV and HIV infection
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2018
Ravnit Grewal, Alexandra Irimie, Nasheen Naidoo, Nooroudien Mohamed, Bobe Petrushev, Manogari Chetty, Ciprian Tomuleasa, Emmanuel-Akinola Abayomi
Similar to NHL, HL has an increased incidence in the setting of HIV infection. Usually, patients present with late stage disease often involving the bone marrow at the time of diagnosis. It has been suggested that unlike classic HL in which NS is typically the predominant subtype, MC, and lymphocyte-depleted dominate as the major subtypes in HIV in the developed environments. These seem to have a strong association with EBV co-infection. HL is considered to be a malignant disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction to an aberrant B cell clone that is well known as the HRS. In the presence of profound lymphopenia, it is speculated that there is a curtailed ability to mount an adaptive based immune response. It is through this immune response that the dysfunctional B cells can be rescued from apoptosis and live long enough to create the malignant disorder. While the HIV infection and its important opportunistic infections like EBV are driving the clonal expansion, the depletion of cell mediated immune system has a protective effect. In the setting of ART, there is a partial and in some cases robust immune restoration which would therefore restore the higher risk of developing a HL.
Cryptosporidium infection among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Mehdi Mohebali, Yonas Yimam, Ambachew Woreta
Cryptosporidium infection is notable in HIV-infected people in Ethiopia, especially those with suboptimal CD4 + T cell count. Thus, routine screening for Cryptosporidium parasite in HIV patients should be incorporated as part of routine care, especially in patients with lower CD4 + T cell count. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment coupled with improved hygienic practices and access to clean potable water could help in controlling and reducing the burden of the infection. Furthermore, country-wide studies should be conducted on the epidemiology of circulating species and subtypes among HIV-infected individuals and the general public.