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Order Picornavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Recently, Viktorova et al. (2018) demonstrated a different design of a PV vaccine based on the in situ production of VLPs. The PV genes P1 and protease CD were expressed from a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector, a negative-strand RNA virus from the Mononegavirales order (Chapter 31) with mucosal tropism. In this system, the PV VLPs were produced in the cells of vaccine recipients and were presented to their immune systems in the context of active replication of NDV, which served as a natural adjuvant. The intranasal administration of the vectored vaccine to guinea pigs induced strong neutralizing systemic and mucosal antibody responses.
The promise of oncolytic viral therapy for the treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies
Published in Wim P. Ceelen, Edward A. Levine, Intraperitoneal Cancer Therapy, 2015
John H. Stewart, Lauren Gillory
The measles virus is a negative-strand RNA virus. Burkitt’s and Hodgkin’s lymphomas have been reported to spontaneously resolve following wt measles infections, thus supporting its role as a potential oncolytic agent [59,60]. The measles virus genome contains six genes encoding the phosphoprotein and nucleocapsid, M, fusion (F), hemagglutinin (H), and large proteins, as well as the two accessory C and V proteins [61]. The binding of H protein to a cellular receptor induces conformational changes to both H and F proteins resulting in pH-independent membrane fusion. As a result, the viral H and F glycoproteins are expressed on the cell surface of cells infected by the measles virus thus facilitating cell-to-cell fusion that is triggered via H glycoprotein recognition of the viral receptor on neighboring cells [62]. This cell-to-cell interaction results in the formation of giant multinucleated cell aggregates (syncytia) that ultimately undergo apoptotic death in a number of cancer lines [63,64].
Controlling Neuroinflammation
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Rabies virus (RABV) is a negative-strand RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family that infects the nervous system exclusively. RABV is usually transmitted by the bite of an infected animal and induces fatal encephalomyelitis in mammals. After entry at the neuromuscular junction or passage through the synapse, RABV particles propagate in the axon by retrograde transport using axonal vesicles (Klingen et al. 2008). Virus replication occurs in the cell bodies and dendrites (Ugolini 1995, 2010) from where newly formed viral particles are released. Virus particles are then transmitted to the next order neuron, which is infected in its turn. To accomplish its life cycle, RABV uses the neuronal network to migrate from the bite site to the host’s salivary glands from where it is excreted into the saliva to infect a new host. RABV virulence relies on the property of the virus to keep infected neurons alive and to escape host immune responses (Kuang et al. 2009; Lafon 2008; Prehaud et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2005) including reduction of the innate immune response, destruction of infiltrating T cells, and settlement of an immune unresponsiveness in the periphery (Lafon 2011).
Insights into the modulation of the interferon response and NAD+ in the context of COVID-19
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Nada J. Habeichi, Cynthia Tannous, Andriy Yabluchanskiy, Raffaele Altara, Mathias Mericskay, George W. Booz, Fouad A. Zouein
Additionally, it has been shown that mice deficient in mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) after being infected by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-strand RNA virus, exhibit a diminished ability to produce IFN-I, resulting in higher susceptibility to viral infection [68]. A study done by Cao et al. highlighted that methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme located in mitochondria, interacts with MAVS, increasing IFN-I levels and consequently enhances the anti-viral response [69]. It has also been documented that following the recognition of viral RNA by RIG-1/MDA5, a signaling complex is triggered on the outer membrane of the mitochondria, defined as MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6/TOM70, resulting in the induction of a potent anti-viral response [70, 71]. Furthermore, activation of PRR in the setting of viral infection has been shown to switch cell metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, leading thusly to the stimulation of IFN-α secretion and enhancing eventually an anti-viral defense mechanism [72, 73]. Notably, NAD+, a central metabolic coenzyme that exerts a key role in mitochondrial function and longevity, has been reported to regulate innate immune cell function, including that of macrophages [59]. Additionally, NAD+ is involved in ATP generation that has been shown to be implicated in the regulation of the immune system [74].
Evaluation of a Commercial Colloidal Gold Assay for Detection of Influenza A and B Virus in Children’s Respiratory Specimens
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2020
Wei Li, Lifang Liu, Luyan Chen, Shiqiang Shang
The influenza virus is a negative-strand RNA virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza viruses can be divided into three genera including influenza A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are the major pathogens for causing human respiratory diseases, especially in children [1, 2]. H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes of seasonal influenza A virus throughout the world. There are two influenza B virus lineages, Yamagata and Victoria [3]. An early course of influenza virus is often characterized by mild symptoms including fever, cough, and headache. Influenza virus may also lead to severe respiratory diseases, such as viral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death [4, 5]. Rapid and accurate detection assay for influenza at the early stage after the infection is crucial for the management of influenza [6]. Nowadays, several methods have been developed and commonly applied in clinical practice, such as immunofluorescence assay, immunochromatographic assay, ELISA, and real-time RT-PCR assay [7, 8].
Respiratory syncytial virus infection and the need for immunization in Korea
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Hye Young Kim, Ki Wook Yun, Hee Jin Cheong, Eun Hwa Choi, Hoan Jong Lee
RSV is an enveloped non-segmented negative strand RNA virus from the Pneumoviridae family [11]. The viral envelope contains three membrane proteins, including the G glycoprotein, which is involved in attachment to the host cell; the F glycoprotein, which is involved in fusion with, and entry into, host cells; and the SH protein [12]. There is one RSV serotype, which is divided into two antigenic groups, A and B [12]. Within each group, antigenic and genetic variants have been identified [13–15].