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Face Masks and Hand Sanitizers
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Shahzad Sharif, Mahnoor Zahid, Maham Saeed, Izaz Ahmad, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Rizwan Ahmad
The efficacy of hand sanitizers against rapidly emerging COVID-19 was attempted to relate with previously known data of coronavirus. The organized review has showed statistically notable consequence on severe acute respiratory syndrome 2002–2004 suggested that washing hands properly or using sanitizers reduced the disease transmission from hospitals and by social interaction [137]. Studies regarding the efficiency of disease reduction via washing hands with soap and sanitizers are diversified. Virus inactivation inside the living body cannot be tested after using hand sanitizers. However, the effectiveness of hand sanitizers in vitro can be tested systematically which showed effectiveness by reduction in numbers. Different alcohol-based formulation was tested on Sputum culture of coronavirus affected patients [138]. All the formulation was effective to inactivate the masses of viruses to such a range that is below our detection limit. Infected person can spread coronavirus up to 10 days through nonliving surfaces, sneezing, coughing, direct contact with contaminated hands. An important thing that is considered is the transmission source as well as efficacy of disinfectant for different transmitted sources [139]. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are widely used worldwide and recommended to use against severe acute respiratory syndrome as well as against middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) related coronavirus [140].
Non-Photocatalytic and Photocatalytic Inactivation of Viruses Using Antiviral Assays and Antiviral Nanomaterials
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Suman Tahir, Noor Tahir, Tajamal Hussain, Zubera Naseem, Muhammad Zahid, Ghulam Mustafa
The virus inactivation through photocatalysis has been designated as the nonselective reaction followed from photogenerated e− and its derivative ROSs (chiefly OH and O2−) are shown in Figure 7.4. Damage and oxidative destruction of viral surface proteins lead to escape and quick damage to inner constituents, specifically RNA, ultimately result in virus demise without regrowth. g-C3N4-based photocatalysts with improved antiviral characteristics, for instance, g-C3N4/TiO2, have been described with an exceptional functioning for both bacterial inactivation (Li et al. 2015) and pollutant degradation, which is essential to be established and validated in more investigation.
Toxicity Analysis of Ag and Au Nanoparticles
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Park et al. [40] developed a magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) decorated with Ag-NPs for an antiviral application against bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), and adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2). The viruses were exposed to the composite (containing Ag-NPs) for 1, 3, and 6 hours. The toxicity of the composite against the targeted viruses was analysed by plaque assay and real-time TaqMan PCR. The authors showed that Ag-NP of 30 nm (fixed on the MHC) displayed the highest efficacy for virus inactivation. The ϕX174 and MNV were reduced by more than 2 log10 after exposure to 4.6 × 109 Ag30-MHCs/mL for 1 hour. Shimabuku et al. [41] prepared Ag-NPs functionalized with granular activated carbon (GAC) for T4 bacteriophage inactivation. Ag-GAC showed a 3-log reduction of the targeted virus with few ppb Ag-ions released, far below the recommended limits by regulatory bodies.
Commonly setting biological standards in rare diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2019
Daniel J. O’Connor, Jenny Buckland, Neil Almond, Jennifer Boyle, Carmen Coxon, Eleni Gaki, Javier Martin, Giada Mattiuzzo, Clive Metcalfe, Mark Page, Nicola Rose, Begona Valdazo-Gonzalez, Yuan Zhao, Christian K. Schneider
NIBSC has developed WHO IS for antibody against Ebola [47] and Zika viruses [48] to calibrate and harmonize assays to measure humoral immune responses and thereby the efficacy or potency for respective vaccine candidates that are currently in development. These typically comprise pools of sera/plasma from convalescent patients and therefore require assurances over viral safety so that they are risk free and have wide utility in a range of laboratory settings. Most of the emerging viruses are classified as high hazard group 3 and 4 and as such need to be handled in relevant high containment laboratories. To overcome this and provide assurance on biosafety, the sera/plasma is treated with solvent/detergent using a validated method. As described in the WHO collaborative study to assess the suitability of an interim standard for antibodies to Ebola, virus inactivation was confirmed by spiking samples with HIV-1 after solvent detergent treatment and demonstration of non-recovery of the virus by subsequent culture on permissive cell lines. This has facilitated our capacity to be able to respond and produce antibody standards for the international community without limiting their use to high containment facilities.
Monoclonal antibody higher order structure analysis by high throughput protein conformational array
Published in mAbs, 2018
Yuanli Song, Deqiang Yu, Mukesh Mayani, Nesredin Mussa, Zheng Jian Li
The mAb5 purification was conducted using a platform downstream process. Samples collected include Protein A Elution (PAE), virus inactivation (VI), cation exchange elution (CEX), and anion exchange flow-through (AEX). The PCA results of these samples are shown in Fig. 5B. The signal of VI sample is generally higher than those of other samples, indicating more exposure of antibody regions due to low pH treatment-induced structure change. Signal of PAE sample is marginally higher in certain regions than the signal of CEX and AEX samples, although the PAE sample has a much lower pH (about 4.5).
Glutaraldehyde inactivation of enveloped DNA viruses in the preparation of haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Huiya Ma, Qiuhui Li, Kun Feng, Yuanyuan Zhang, Hongli Zhu, Chao Chen, Kunping Yan
HBOCs were prepared according to the polymerization procedure described above and mixed with each virus to evaluate the virus inactivation efficacy of GA under polymerization conditions. The virus was added at the beginning of GA and Hb polymerization. The polymerization product was used for validation of the host cell viability and morphology, described in the titration of viruses. The virus inactivation and cell culture conditions were as described above.