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Prologue
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The rod-shaped viruses were represented in the early works also by TMV (Haynes et al. 1986), a member of the Tobamovirus genus from the family Virgaviridae, which is described in Chapter 19. Then, the outer envelope, surface antigens, or HBs, proteins of the previously mentioned HBV from the Hepadnaviridae family were used to expose foreign sequences on the so-called 22-nm particles that fit our VLP definition as the HBs VLPs (Valenzuela et al. 1985; Delpeyroux et al. 1986; see Chapter 37).
Chimeric VLPs
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The early candidates for VLP protein engineering appeared in the mid-1980s and covered at once the three main structural forms of the putative VLP candidates. First, the filamentous phage f1 came from the Inoviridae family of rod-shaped phages (Smith 1985). This revolutionary paper paved the way to the enormous field of the phage display methodology. It is our special pride that George Pearson Smith was rewarded with the Nobel Prize 2018 in Chemistry, together with Frances H. Arnold and Sir Gregory P. Winter, “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies.” The rod-shaped viruses were also represented in the early works by tobacco mosaic virus as a representative of Tobamovirus (Haynes et al. 1986). Then, the outer envelope, or surface, or HBs, proteins of the enveloped hepatitis B virus from the Hepadnaviridae family were used to expose foreign sequences on the so-called 22-nm particles formed by the HBs (Valenzuela et al. 1985; Delpeyroux et al. 1986). Finally, the regular icosahedral particles were employed, namely, the RNA phage coats (Borisova et al. 1987; Gren et al. 1987; Kozlovskaia et al. 1988; Kozlovska et al. 1993), nucleocapsids, or cores, of hepatitis B virus (Borisova et al. 1987; Clarke et al. 1987; Newton et al. 1987), the VLPs encoded by yeast retrotransposon Ty1 (Adams et al. 1987), and nonenveloped capsids of picornaviruses (Burke et al. 1988). VLPs based on the hepatitis B virus products: surface and core antigens were reviewed in detail by the Grēns’ team (Pumpens and Grens 1999, 2001, 2016; Pumpens et al. 2008). Remarkably, the enveloped VLPs from complex enveloped viruses, such as, for example, influenza viruses (Pushko et al. 2007, 2008) or the Ebola virus (Warfield et al. 2003) were only introduced after more than 20 years of intensive studies on the chimeric VLPs.
Neuroprotective ability of TMV coat protein on rat PC-12 cells and it’s in silico study with LRRK2 receptor
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Yash Sharma, Nidhi Srivastava, Kumud Bala
Primary metabolites and secondary metabolites have shown various therapeutic activities against bacterial and neurological diseases in the form antimicrobial and antioxidant peptides. As far as the neurological disorder was concerned, Parkinson disease found to be the characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and results in the depletion of the neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA), of all PD [44,45]. These mutation can be inherited either in recessive or autosomal dominant manner and are predominantly missense mutation altering the function of protein by code [46,47]. Mutation in Parkin has shown the most common cause of recessively inherited PD, where Parkin associated PD presents slower disease progression than idiopathic PD [48,49]. Leucin rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of autosomal dominant PD which has substantial overlap with idiopathic PD in terms of clinical symptoms [50]. The purpose of the present study was first attempt in field of neurobiology and cell biology to study the neuroprotective ability of TMV coat protein isolated from the stem of Nicotiana tabacum. MALDI TOF/MS/MS analysis has confirmed the presence of coat protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in the stem of Nicotiana tabacum. Antioxidant activity was done in order to reveal the enzyme activity and nonenzyme content of TMV coat protein, which has shown relatively maximum Glutathione content, as compared to the previous studies ethanolic extract of stem of Nicotiana tabacum has shown the presence of 365.85 μg of glutathione mg–1 of protein [51]. GSH content has shown a crucial role in shielding cellular macromolecules from endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen & nitrogen species [52]. As far as the neuroprotective ability was concerned, treated Rat PC-12 cells that were exposed to the neurotoxic agent, that is, hydrogen peroxide has revealed the presence of GSH content, that is, 41,283.67 ± 0.54 µg/mg of protein as predicted from the Graph. 4. CAT activity was also found to be present in the 0.2 mg/ml of TMV coat protein, where as compared to the previous studies, CAT activity was not found to be observed in the ethanolic extract of stem of Nicotiana tabacum [51]. As far as the methanolic and aqueous extract were concerned, traces of flavonoids found to be possessed with both CAT and SOD activity [53]. CAT activity, lipid peroxidation and SOD activity was also found to be present in the in vitro condition, where Rat PC-12 cells were treated with different volumes of 0.2 mg/ml of TMV coat protein and with respect to their activity they found to be in increased phase. Whereas compared to previous study, decreased CAT activity was found to be in incompatible to host-tobamovirus indicated the increased lipid peroxidation in incompatible interaction [54].