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Order Caudovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
As reviewed by Lavigne and Ceyssens (2020), the Myoviridae tails are contractile, more-or-less rigid, long, and relatively thick (80–455 × 16–20 nm). They consist of a central core built of stacked rings of six subunits and surrounded by a helical contractile sheath, which is separated from the head by a neck. The heads and tails are assembled in separate pathways. The Podoviridae virions have short, noncontractile tails about 20 × 8 nm (Lavigne and Kropinski 2020). The heads are assembled first, and tail parts are added to them sequentially. The Siphoviridae virions have long, noncontractile, thin tails of 65–570 × 7–10 nm in size, which are often flexible and built of stacked disks of six subunits (Hendrix et al. 2012).
Yersinia
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
A number of yersinia phages have been described. The phages phiYeO3-12, phiYe-F10, and vB_YenP_AP5 display specificity for Y. enterocolitica O:3, which belonged to the family Podoviridae. The genomic comparisons indicated that they are genetically closely related and follow a similar DNA ejection mechanism, with tail fibers adsorbed to the host surface lipopolysaccharide. However, the phage PY54 belongs to the family Siphoviridae, which exhibits a host range restricted to Y. enterocolitica of serotype O:5 and O:5,27.17–20
Bacteriophages for ESKAPE: role in pathogenicity and measures of control
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Amrita Patil, Rajashri Banerji, Poonam Kanojiya, Santosh Koratkar, Sunil Saroj
K. pneumoniae (CVUAS 5665–2) isolated from the mastitis milk sample comprises bacteriophage KPP5665-2, which possesses characteristics of the Siphoviridae family. However, further studies are required to correlate its role in the pathogenesis of the bacteria, causing mastitis [125]. A study screened the clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae 675,920, 721,005, 911,021, and 19,051 for the prevalence of prophages at sap sites to decipher their relevance with the horizontal transfer of resistance genes, to elucidate molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in the pathogen [126]. It has been reported that K. pneumoniae possesses both virulence and resistance genes. A genome analysis study described that the drug-resistant K. pneumoniae are more diverse and more likely to receive virulence genes from mobile genetic elements like prophages as compared to virulent K. pneumoniae [127]. Similarly, a study depicted the prevalence of P2-P4 prophages in the K. pneumoniae (CG258). However, the CRISPR-Cas system had a limited effect on the prevalence of P2-P4 prophages in the CG258. Furthermore, the authors also demonstrated the contribution of prophages in the chromosomal integration of AMR genes and thereby to the fitness of CG258 [128].
Community-acquired pneumonia: aetiology, antibiotic resistance and prospects of phage therapy
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Md. Moinuddin Sheam, Shifath Bin Syed, Zulkar Nain, Swee- Seong Tang, Dipak Kumar Paul, Kazi Rejvee Ahmed, Sudhangshu Kumar Biswas
Bacteriophages are viruses that can parasitize and kill their host bacteria. In 1919, Félix d’Herelle used bacteriophage to treat bacterial infections for the first time at the Hôpital des Enfants-Malades in Paris. Despite his success in several trials, d’Herelle’s experiments were discredited by the scientific community for being poorly controlled. In addition, phage therapy was hugely neglected ever since the antibiotics occupied the battleground.17 Due to the prevalence of MDR bacterial infections, phage therapy has experienced a renaissance.18 Moreover, phage therapy has several advantages over the traditional antibiotic therapy in terms of target specificity, self-replication within the host bacteria and no critical side effects.19 Phage therapy has been developed for clinical use in Eastern Europe and the USA and has been widely used for 90 years in former Soviet countries.20 A large number of bacteriophages have been reported to exhibit bactericidal activity against CAP bacterial agents in vivo and in vitro. For example, four bacteriophages belong to the family Myoviridae showed an in vitro lethal effect on different serogroups of L. pneumophila.21 In another study, K. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia in a mice model was treated by introducing a phage from the family Siphoviridae.22 Thus, previous studies suggested that bacteriophages were effective in protecting animals and humans from various CAP-associated bacterial infections. From this point of view, bacteriophage could be a potential nominee for the treatment of bacteria-inflicted CAP infection.
Control of Salmonella Enteritidis on food contact surfaces with bacteriophage PVP-SE2
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Catarina Milho, Maria Daniela Silva, Luís Melo, Sílvio Santos, Joana Azeredo, Sanna Sillankorva
Phage PVP-SE2 was previously suggested as a good biocontrol agent due to its broad-host range (Sillankorva et al. 2010). The virion particle resembled phages belonging to the Jersey-like genus of the family Siphoviridae, having heads of 57 nm, tails of 125 nm in length and 8 nm wide, and a base plate with three or more spikes (Figure 1A). Furthermore, this phage formed clear plaques, 3 mm in diameter, without a halo, in bacterial lawns on its host (data not shown). The one-step growth characteristics revealed that the latent period was 15 min, with a rise period of 15 min, thereby giving an average of 240 progeny phages per infected cell (Figure 1B).