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Order Caudovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
According to the current ICTV (2020) situation and considering the latest corrections, the huge Caudovirales order of the tailed DNA phages currently involves 14 families, 73 subfamilies, 927 genera, and 2,814 species altogether. The order Caudovirales is a single member of the class Caudoviricetes, the only member of the Uroviricota phylum. The latter, together with the relatively small Peploviricota phylum, the only order of which, namely Herpesvirales, is presented in the neighboring Chapter 2, form the Heunggongvirae kingdom of the realm Duplodnaviria.
Gut bacteriophage dynamics during fecal microbial transplantation in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Pilar Manrique, Yifan Zhu, John van der Oost, Hilde Herrema, Max Nieuwdorp, Willem M. de Vos, Mark Young
In our study, there were not significant differences in bacteriophage community richness or diversity between treatment groups (healthy donors, MetS controls, MetS that received healthy donor FMT). Differences in total Caudovirales abundance between responders and non-responders were not detected either, and viruses from the Microviridae family were underrepresented. Additionally, the healthy donors’ invading phage profile was similar between treatment subgroups (responders vs non-responders), and no specific patterns of bacteriophage transfer based on viral family classification were identified.37 Instead, responders could be differentiated from non-responders based on the community structure, and the phage community of responders and donors had a greater overlap (Figure 3). Therefore, we hypothesized that MetS subjects with a less distorted phage community at pre-FMT are more likely to show clinical improvement. These differences likely arise from differences in disease etiology, suggesting that evidence of the impact of bacteriophages in a specific disease cannot be extrapolated to other health conditions.
The success of fecal microbial transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection correlates with bacteriophage relative abundance in the donor: a retrospective cohort study
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Heekuk Park, Michael R. Laffin, Juan Jovel, Braden Millan, Jae E. Hyun, Naomi Hotte, Dina Kao, Karen L. Madsen
Zuo et al15 demonstrated a potential role for bacteriophages in the success of FMT in treating C. difficile. High richness within the Caudovirales clade in donor samples was an important factor in predicting successful FMT. In contrast, increased richness of the recipient’s virome was correlated with recurrence after FMT. In our study, bacteriophage diversity decreased following a successful FMT. However, an initial unsuccessful FMT did not decrease the relative abundance of bacteriophages. It is especially noteworthy the diversity of bacteriophages in successful FMT donations was higher than in donations leading to a failed FMT, and that the relative abundance of bacteriophages in successful donations was lower than in failed donations.
Microbiome therapeutics for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Patricia P Bloom, Vincent B Young
In addition to bile acids, SCFAs, and amino acids, several other mechanisms have been investigated that can influence the pathogenesis of C. difficile in the gut environment. Modulating the levels of sialic acids in the gut is another potential target for treating rCDI treatment. Antibiotic treatment eliminates species that effectively scavenge sialic acid, leaving the substrate available for C. difficile to acquire and utilize for rapid growth [42]. Additional microbiome constituents, both microbiota and chemical components, can also directly antagonize C. difficile toxins, thus impairing its pathogenic effect. A secreted serine protease from Saccharomyces boulardii can digest TcdA and TcdB, the two primary C. difficile toxins [41]. Some Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species antagonize the cytotoxic effect of toxins [41]. Additional small-molecule microbiome products can inhibit toxin cysteine protease, thus diminishing toxicity [43,44]. Host immune responses also influences the pathogenicity of C. difficile, and therefore may represent a target for microbiome therapeutics. Some clostridial species, namely in clusters IV and XIVa, promote regulatory T cell accumulation in the colon and may reduce the risk of colitis [45]. Finally, bacteriophages may influence the virulence of C. difficile and are transmitted in fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), and possibly other microbiome therapeutics. One study found that FMT treatment success was associated with high recipient colonization of donor-derived Caudovirales bacteriophages [46]. In animal models, administration of phage cocktails reduced C. difficile colonization [47].