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Synbiotics, a Fusion of Probiotics and Prebiotics, and Biogenics against Oral Biofilm-Associated Diseases
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Tomoko Ohshima, Tomomi Kawai, Yukako Kojima, Nobuko Maeda, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
Reuterin, an antibacterial substance (also known as 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde; molecular weight, 74 Da; composition formula, C3H6O2), is a product of glycerol fermentation which has been seen in several probiotic bacteria. These probiotic bacteria include L. reuteri [53], L. brevis, L. buchneri [54] and L. collinoides [55]. Under anaerobic conditions, L. coryniformis [56] also produces a low molecular weight antimicrobial substance that does not contain amino acids [57]. Reuterin was found to exert its antibacterial effects by causing oxidative stress within bacterial cells [58]. In addition to reuterin, low molecular substances produced by lactobacilli, reutericyclin [59] and dyacetyl [60], have also been shown to be effective against the yeast forms of Candida [61].
Short- term effect of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri consumption on the salivary microbiome profile of subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Armelia Sari Widyarman, Nadeeka S. Udawatte, Moehamad Orliando Roeslan, Muhammad Ihsan Rizal, Mario Richi, Joko Kusnoto, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic bacterium known to confer various health benefits to humans [3]. It produces the antimicrobial substances reuterin and reutericyclin, which are active against a wide range of pathogenic organisms [4]. Previously, we performed a pilot study on the beneficial health effects of lozenges containing the probiotic L. reuteri on a few orthodontic patients [5]. We found that consumption of probiotics for 2 weeks significantly reduced the number of pathogenic bacteria in the patients’ saliva. Moreover, other studies using appropriate in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated that L. reuteri is able to modulate host inflammatory responses [6]. However, clinical studies that examine the effect of the probiotic L. reuteri on the oral microbiome are sparse in the literature.
Antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria: current state and next-generation solutions
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
M. J. Wallace, S. R. S. Fishbein, G. Dantas
The field has also developed a focus on other antibacterial strategies such as repurposing existing drugs, developing potentiators which enhance the activity of standard antibiotic therapies, or developing immunomodulators that harness the host immune system against the threat of infection.13 As an example, immunogenic activity derived from cholera toxin-conjugated siderophores protected mice from Salmonella infection.148 Furthermore, improved GI localization of metronidazole by conjugation to reutericyclin from Lactobacillus improved outcomes in a hamster model of CDI.148,149 It is important to continue to improve targeted delivery mechanisms to the GI tract such that collateral damage to the human and microbiome are minimized. Finally, combinations of existing antimicrobials have yielded surprisingly effective activity against recalcitrant pathogens such as heteroresistant bacteria. CRE clinical isolates (Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Klebsiella) display resistance to carbapenems but are sensitized in the case of treatment with multiple antibiotics.117 Rather than producing iterative homologs of existing antibiotics that may perpetuate existing AMR mechanisms, these alternative approaches offer promising and potentially life-saving options to mitigate enteric AMR infections.
Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Yadnyavalkya Patil, Ravi Gooneratne, Xiang-Hong Ju
Lactobacillus, a component of the Firmicutes phylum, is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobe or microaerophilic bacterium that improves feed conversion efficiency in animals. Furthermore, lactobacilli produce lactic acid, which elicits an inhibitory effect against E. coli and Enterobacteria.89 Administration of a cocktail of complex lactobacilli containing Lactobacillus johnsonii and L. mucosae, previously isolated from healthy pig feces was shown to promote a healthy gut by reducing the number of potential entero-pathogens such as Clostridia and E. coli.90 Similar effects were observed in weaned piglets administered lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) complexes containing Enterococcus faecium 6H2, Lactobacillus acidophilus C3, Pediococcus pentosaceus D7, L. plantarum 1K8 and L. plantarum 3K2.91 Moreover, the administration of L. salivarius UCC118 WT was found to significantly decrease the number of Spirochetes in the GIT of pigs. Moreover, administration of L. salivarius UCC118, which is well studied for its probiotic properties, positively influenced Firmicutes genus members, while production of bacteriocin Abp118 by L. salivarius affected gram-negative microorganisms, even though Abp118 is not normally active in vitro against this group of microorganisms. Hence, this strain has the potential to significantly affect pig microbiota through a partial bacteriocin-dependent mechanism.92Lactobacillus reuteri is also a probiotic strain that has been shown to alter the abundance of several bacterial taxa, such as Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli. This lactobacilli strain, which produces reutericyclin, increases the abundance of two strict anaerobes of phylum Firmicutes, while production of reuteran affects colonization with ETEC without affecting other dominant members of the fecal microbiota.93