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Order Picornavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The family Caliciviridae joined the order Picornavirales in 2019 and includes, under the current official ICTV view (Vinjé et al. 2019; ICTV 2020), 11 genera and 13 species. The genus Lagovirus that includes the well-studied rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) causing a highly contagious disease in rabbits and is thus an economically important pathogen for commercial rabbit production, as well as European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) and the genus Norovirus with Norwalk virus (NoV), are especially essential for the VLP nanotechnologies. Some representatives of the genera Sapovirus and Vesivirus also played a remarkable role in this field. Generally, the Caliciviridae members infect mammals, birds, and fish (Vinjé et al. 2019). The most clinically important representatives are human noroviruses, which remain a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans (Green 1997).
Noroviruses: Laboratory Surrogates for Determining Survival and Inactivation
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Doris H. D’Souza, Snehal S. Joshi
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), rabbit calicivirus (RCV) and, European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) are caliciviruses of the Lagovirus genus, mainly of concern in America and China, that most often cause fatal disease with symptoms such as hepatitis and hemorrhages, and are virulent viruses of rabbits [20]. Their suitability as model systems for HNoVs is unclear as they cause different disease symptoms than HNoVs, while RCV is nonpathogenic and has not been completely characterized.
Taishan Pinus massoniana Pollen Polysaccharides Enhance Immune Responses in Chickens Infected by Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup B
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Shifa Yang, Guiming Li, Zengcheng Zhao, Zhongli Huang, Jian Fu, Minxun Song, Shuqian Lin, Ruiliang Zhu
Various polysaccharides isolated from plants and microorganisms have been used as effective biological response modifiers against cancer, immunodeficiency, and chronic infection (Feng et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2011). Many plant polysaccharides have been extensively investigated because of their potential immunostimulatory activity. For example, analysis of the immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides DOP-1 and DOP-2 isolated from the stem of Dendrobium officinale (DOP) showed that the former could significantly promote splenocyte proliferation and NK cell cytotoxicity, whereas the latter played an important role in macrophage activation (Xia et al., 2012). Water-soluble polysaccharides obtained from Acorus calamus L. have been shown to be able to activate macrophages and stimulate Th1 response (Belska et al., 2010). Our previous studies indicated that natural nontoxic polysaccharides derived from Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (TPPPS) could enhance the production performance and immunological function in rabbits and chickens (Wei et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2014). Furthermore, TPPPS, when used as immunoadjuvant, could significantly improve the effects of different vaccines against Proteus mirabilis, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and recombinant Bordetella avium ompA (Cui et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013). However, whether TPPPS could attenuate immunosuppression caused by ALV-B in chickens is unknown.
Regulation of the rabbit’s once-daily pattern of nursing: a circadian or hourglass-dependent process?
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Sabine Apel, Robyn Hudson, Grahame J. Coleman, Heiko G. Rödel, Gerard A. Kennedy
We used a medium-size (2.5–3.0 kg) Dutch belted rabbit breed with pigmented eyes, purchased from a commercial breeder (Nanowie Small Animal Production Unit, Melbourne, Australia) and vaccinated against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Females were nulliparous at the start of each of the two experiments. They were housed individually in cages modified for chronobiological studies in medium-size mammals (Kennedy et al. 1990a, 1990b, 1994, 1995). Each cage was an acrylic box 120 × 63 x 43 (height) cm with opaque sides and back and a transparent front and floor. The top of the cage was covered with wire mesh, and the floor was perforated to drain the cage into sawdust-filled trays below. The cage contained an opaque acrylic nest box 46 × 24 x 42 (height) cm with a removable lid and with ryegrass hay for nest building. It could be accessed by the mothers via an opaque foyer 19 × 25 x 31 (height) cm via two doorways 19 cm apart. The foyer provided mothers with a refuge in an enclosed area other than the nest box, itself. To keep the pups in the nest box during the early postnatal period (see below), the box was separated from the foyer by a 10-cm high barrier. The doorway between the foyer and the cage was fitted with a vertical sliding door with a handle that extended above the cage to allow mothers’ access to the nest to be regulated from outside. Cages were fitted with an open-face acrylic running-wheel (details in Kennedy et al. 1994) to comply with ethics requirement of providing opportunity for activity. Data from the running-wheels were analyzed but not used because there was too much variability across rabbits in levels of use. Containers for food and water 12.5 × 12.5 cm, each, were attached to the front of the cage and could be accessed by the females via acrylic swing doors (Figure 1). The frequency and duration of visits to the food container and to the nest box were automatically recorded (see Procedure below).
Overcoming scientific barriers in the transition from in vivo to non-animal batch testing of human and veterinary vaccines
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Robin H. G. A. van den Biggelaar, Marcel H.N. Hoefnagel, Rob J. Vandebriel, Arjen Sloots, Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen, Willem van Eden, Victor P. M. G. Rutten, Christine A. Jansen
The previous section demonstrated that many in vitro alternatives to test vaccines for pyrogenicity and to test toxoid vaccines for residual toxicity are already available. Furthermore, toxicity tests that were found to be unnecessary based on historical data have recently been deleted from the European Pharmacopoeia, including abnormal toxicity tests (to detect any unexpected hazards), some specific toxicity tests of human vaccines, and some residual toxicity tests of veterinary vaccines [72,73]. In contrast, the porcine actinobacillosis vaccine, porcine progressive atrophic rhinitis vaccine, and tetanus vaccines for human and veterinary use still require animal-based toxicity tests [17,72]. Moreover, safety tests of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, used to protect against tuberculosis, include the virulent mycobacteria test and the excessive dermal reactivity test, both in guinea pigs, to show absence of virulence and excessive reactogenicity, respectively [17]. An alternative safety assay based on the proliferation of lymphocytes from sensitized guinea pigs has been proposed instead of the currently used excessive dermal reactivity test [74]. A vaccine for rabbit hemorrhagic disease still requires a residual live virus safety test in rabbits [17]. Some live attenuated viral vaccines (e.g. smallpox and poliomyelitis) require neurovirulence safety testing in monkeys or transgenic mice, although deep sequencing methods have been proposed as an alternative strategy to test these vaccines for genetic instability and to prevent the occurrence of neurovirulent viral mutants [17,75,76]. Recently, a model based on brain cells in a transwell system, named the BBB-Minibrain culture device, was developed as a next step in search for an alternative neurovirulence test [77]. Finally, batch release of pertussis vaccines still requires a test for residual dermonecrotic toxin in mice [17]. Recently, the use of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to quantify dermonecrotic toxin has been proposed as an alternative in vitro method [78].