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Antiviral Nanomaterials in Therapeutic Interventions
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Karan Chaudhary, Dhanraj T. Masram
Influenza A virus is a segmented RNA virus having a single strand, and it is a negative strand. The influenza A virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridaefamily. This virus is further classified based on the type of surface glycoprotein, whether it is hemagglutinin or neuraminidase (Bouvier and Palese 2008).
Order Articulavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The order Articulavirales is the smallest among other negative single-stranded RNA virus orders by number of families and species. According to the latest ICTV issues (ICTV 2020), the order Articulavirales consists of 2 families, 8 genera, and 10 species. The family Orthomyxoviridae is well known world-wide since this is the home of influenza viruses. The minor Amnoonviridae family consists of a sole genus with a sole species, namely Tilapia tilapinevirus, that infects both wild and aquacultured populations of tilapia fish, farming of which goes back to Ancient Egypt.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The Orthomyxoviridae family contains only the influenza viruses, which have long been considered primary targets for antiviral chemotherapy. The serious epidemic respiratory infections caused by influenza A and B viruses, as well as the sporadic infections caused by influenza C virus, have been well documented [183,184],
Evaluation of a Commercial Colloidal Gold Assay for Detection of Influenza A and B Virus in Children’s Respiratory Specimens
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2020
Wei Li, Lifang Liu, Luyan Chen, Shiqiang Shang
The influenza virus is a negative-strand RNA virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza viruses can be divided into three genera including influenza A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are the major pathogens for causing human respiratory diseases, especially in children [1, 2]. H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes of seasonal influenza A virus throughout the world. There are two influenza B virus lineages, Yamagata and Victoria [3]. An early course of influenza virus is often characterized by mild symptoms including fever, cough, and headache. Influenza virus may also lead to severe respiratory diseases, such as viral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death [4, 5]. Rapid and accurate detection assay for influenza at the early stage after the infection is crucial for the management of influenza [6]. Nowadays, several methods have been developed and commonly applied in clinical practice, such as immunofluorescence assay, immunochromatographic assay, ELISA, and real-time RT-PCR assay [7, 8].
Effector mechanisms of influenza-specific antibodies: neutralization and beyond
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Federica Sicca, Sam Neppelenbroek, Anke Huckriede
Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses which belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. The two clinically relevant genera of the Orthomyxoviruses are influenza virus A and influenza virus B. Among the influenza A viruses, different subtypes can be distinguished based on the subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) [2]. So far, 18 different subtypes of the HA protein (H1-H18) and 11 different subtypes of the NA protein (N1-N11) have been identified [3]. Influenza B viruses form two lineages, the B/Victoria/2/87-like lineage and the B/Yamagata/16/88-like lineage, but are not further divided into subtypes [4]. The genome of influenza viruses is composed of single-stranded RNA organized in separate segments [5]. This genome make-up enables rapid evolution of influenza virus since replication of RNA is highly error-prone resulting in frequent point mutations. Moreover, the segmented nature of the genome enables the swap of entire segments if two different viruses infect a given cell simultaneously. This phenomenon is observed mainly for influenza A viruses which circulate in a number of animal species, in contrast to influenza B viruses which are with few exceptions restricted to humans. If point mutations or segment swap affect the HA glycoprotein, the major antigen of influenza virus, they can lead to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, respectively, thus enabling the virus to escape immune responses evoked by prior infection or vaccination [6,7].
Variant influenza: connecting the missing dots
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Vivek Chavda, Rajashri Bezbaruah, Tutumoni Kalita, Anupam Sarma, Juti Rani Devi, Ratnali Bania, Vasso Apostolopoulos
Global pandemics with many deaths and morbidity ensue with the emergence of novel strains of viruses for which no immunity has developed in the human population [45]. These viruses were the main culprit of the Asian flu, Spanish flu, and Hong Kong flu outbreaks in the 19th century in 1957, 1918, and 1968, respectively (Figure 3) [46–48]. Viral flu outbreaks occur regularly with variations in severity. Swine flu is caused by influenza A strains including subtypes such as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H2N3, H3N1, and H3N2 [49,50]. Influenza type A belongs to the genus Orthomyxovirus in the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is an eight-segmented single-stranded RNA virus with a diameter of approximately 120 nm [51–54].