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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
ECHO Virus (Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan virus) During the 1940s several viruses were isolated from healthy subjects in the course of research. These were found not to be pathogenic to any laboratory animals and were named ‘orphan’ viruses. Later work revealed that they may cause aseptic meningitis and respiratory diseases in humans. The Committee of the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis in the USA named them ECHO viruses in 1955.
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
Of the non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackie and enteric cytopathic human orphan virus (ECHO) have been identified in wild primates. Coxsackie virus is one of enteroviruses responsible for hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is typically a mild and self-limiting illness occurring commonly in children under the age of five with symptoms of fever, rash, and blisters on the hands, feet, and buttocks and in the mouth (Pons-Salort et al. 2015). Coxsackie virus has been identified in wild baboons in Kenya and in orangutans in Borneo. More severe forms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease that may cause cardiopulmonary and neurological symptoms are primarily associated with Enterovirus A71 virus (rather than coxsackie), which has not yet been identified in wild primates. In addition, a variety of ECHO viruses have been documented in wild primates, primarily in Asian monkeys. Although ECHO viruses typically only cause mild respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, or rash, some have been associated with hand-food-and-mouth disease, as well as more severe neurological symptoms (Lum et al. 2002).
Oncolytic Viruses and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Published in Satya Prakash Gupta, Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Vaishali M. Patil, Satya P. Gupta
Reovirus is an orphan virus not associated with a significant diseased state (Sabin 1959). Reovirus is a nonenveloped, small, icosahedral virus with double-stranded RNA genome (Yue and Shatkin 1998). These are three serotypes (Weiner and Fields 1977), and its field isolates are useful models for viral infection. Reovirus infection in humans is characteristically benign. Due to this intrinsically benign nature and endogenous oncocytic properties, no modifications are required. It has entered clinical trials as in unengineered viral therapeutic (Sabin 1959).
Predictive tools to determine risk of infection in kidney transplant recipients
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Mario Fernández-Ruiz, Francisco López-Medrano, José María Aguado
First isolated in 1997, torque teno virus (TTV) belongs to the genus Alphatorquevirus within the Anelloviridae family. Anelloviruses are small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA viruses which account for about 70% of human blood virome. TTV prevalence exceeds 70–80% in the general population of most developed and developing countries. Anelloviruses exhibit a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, similar to that observed among RNA viruses. Originally thought to cause hepatitis, TTV is currently considered an orphan virus [97]. Although TTV replication has been associated with various pro-inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis [98], cancer [99] or chronic pulmonary diseases [100], higher viremia levels are found in immunocompromised populations such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients [101], HIV patients (with an inverse correlation with CD4+ T-cell counts) [102], or those with primary immunodeficiencies [103] or receiving biological therapies [104]. The plausibility and feasibility of monitoring TTV DNAemia to assess post-transplant immunocompetence are supported by the fact that viral replication is not influenced by the administration of valganciclovir prophylaxis and by the recent introduction of commercial real-time PCR assays targeting a highly conserved segment of the 5ʹ untranslated region of the viral genome [105].