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Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
Regarding beef cattle, besides promoting weight gain and increasing feed efficiency, probiotic LAB has been used to reduce fecal shedding of human pathogens, as Escherichia (E.) coli serotype O157:H7, responsible for many hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks, directly or indirectly associated with beef products (Zhao et al. 1998, Brashears et al. 2003). This strategy has also been successfully used with dairy cattle, and plays an important role in controlling this pathogen, considering studies suggesting that O157 is ubiquitous in the environment of dairy farms, implicating dairy cattle as principle O157 reservoirs (Stenkamp-Strahm et al. 2017). Additionally, recent studies have been evaluating the potential of probiotic LAB as preventive and therapeutic agents in upper respiratory tract infections and otitis by competing with pathogens for nutrients, space and attachment to host cells (Popova et al. 2012, Amat et al. 2017). Considering that bovine respiratory disease is responsible for economic losses that exceed those incurred by all other diseases of beef cattle combined (Duff and Galyean 2007), controlling such infections using probiotic can be a promising approach.
Chemical and Biological Threats to Public Safety
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Stool cultures and serology confirm the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in suspected infections. With the exception of severe complications, most infections are self-limiting to 5 to 10 days. Antibiotic treatment is unwarranted and may actually precipitate kidney infections. Antidiarrheal agents, such as loperamide, should also be avoided.
Bacteria Causing Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
B. Vinoth, M. Krishna Raja, B. Agieshkumar
The incubation period varies between 1 and 14 days, with watery diarrhea after about 1–3 days, later becoming bloody. In patients who are infected with O157, bloody diarrhea develops in 80% of the cases. The other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The abdominal pain may be severe and can precede diarrhea. EHEC causes segmental colitis, and the most common part affected is ascending colon. The involved intestine shows characteristic thumbprint appearance on radiograph due to severe inflammation of mucosa with mucosal edema. Colonoscopy will reveal friable inflamed mucosa with patchy erythema, edema, and superficial ulcerations, mimicking ischemic colitis.
Regulation of flagellar motility and biosynthesis in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Hongmin Sun, Min Wang, Yutao Liu, Pan Wu, Ting Yao, Wen Yang, Qian Yang, Jun Yan, Bin Yang
Diarrheal diseases caused by EHEC O157:H7 are an important public health problem worldwide. Outbreak surveillance data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that EHEC O157:H7 causes more than 73 000 illnesses, 2100 hospitalizations, and 60 deaths annually in the United States.113 The annual cost of illness due to E. coli O157:H7 infections, including lost productivity, medical care, and premature deaths, was 405 million dollars.113 Intestinal tract infections caused by EHEC O157:H7 cannot be treated effectively by current antibiotic therapies because the antibiotics are either ineffective, cause severe dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, or trigger serious complications, such as HUS from antibiotic-induced Stxs release.114,115 Thus, new strategies must be employed to develop safe and effective antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of EHEC O157:H7 infections. Considering that flagellum-mediated motility plays diverse roles in EHEC O157:H7 pathogenesis and the deletion of many genes encoding regulatory proteins and sRNAs would significantly decrease EHEC O157:H7 motility and flagellar biosynthesis, these genes may hence be used as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of EHEC O157:H7 infections.
Virulence-related O islands in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Lingyan Jiang, Wen Yang, Xinlei Jiang, Ting Yao, Lu Wang, Bin Yang
Diarrheic diseases caused by EHEC are an important public health problem worldwide. Outbreak surveillance data from the CDC have reported that EHEC O157:H7 alone results in more than 73,000 cases of illness, 2200 hospitalizations, and 60 deaths annually in the United States.117 Although several therapeutic strategies have been developed, including the use of antibiotics and vaccinations, there is no effective treatment for EHEC infections.118 Furthermore, the use of antibiotics has also been contraindicated, as antibiotic-induced bacterial cell lysis would lead to an increased release of Stxs.119 Therefore, highly effective measures for the prevention and control of EHEC O157:H7 infections are essential. Considering that the deletion of many OIs genes would significantly decrease EHEC O157:H7 adherence and expression of virulence genes both in vitro and in vivo, these virulence-related OIs genes might hence be used as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of EHEC O157:H7 infections.
Mapping of aetiologies of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogens identified using a multiplex screening array
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2020
Jeremy Meyer, Elin Roos, Christophe Combescure, Nicolas C. Buchs, Jean-Louis Frossard, Frédéric Ris, Christian Toso, Jacques Schrenzel
The American College of Gastroenterology recommends performing microbiological assessment of the stools in patients with dysentery, moderate-to-severe gastroenteritis and in those with symptoms lasting for more than seven days. Other patients should receive either supportive treatment only or empiric antibiotics. Of note, the recommendation indicates that ‘use of antibiotics for community-acquired diarrhea should be discouraged as epidemiological studies suggest that most community-acquired diarrhea is viral in origin’ [6]. Moreover, giving antibiotics in patients with E. coli O157 infection might induce a severe form of hemolysis and precipitate renal failure. Noteworthy, the American College of Gastroenterology considers traditional methods of diagnosis, such as bacterial culture, microscopy and antigen testing, to be of low analytical sensitivity for the detection of enteropathogens causing gastroenteritis [6]. For instance, a multicentre cohort including 30,000 stool cultures identified a bacterial pathogen in only 5.6% of samples [7]; a result that questions the cost-effectiveness of stool cultures. In addition, the diversity of organisms able to cause gastroenteritis constitutes a limitation for single pathogen-targeted molecular-based detection methods.