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Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Imran Rizvi, Ravindra Kumar Garg
Neurocysticercosis is a common parasitic infection of the brain. In many cases of neurocysticercosis, optic nerve may be involved. Papilledema, chiasmal and retrochiasmal lesions can cause optic nerve damage. Optic nerve may get compressed with enlarging hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure.63 Patients with orbital cysticercosis present with eye pain, proptosis and vision loss. Diagnosis of orbital or ocular cysticercosis is made by orbital sonography. Frequently, orbital neurocysticercosis is part of disseminated neurocysticercosis. Demonstration of scolex within the cysts is pathognomonic of neurocysticercosis. Currently, surgical removal of ocular cysticercosis is the treatment of choice.64 In some reports, albendazole and corticosteroids were found effective.65
Vitreoretinal Surgery in Rare Conditions
Published in Pradeep Venkatesh, Handbook of Vitreoretinal Surgery, 2023
Cysticercosis is the extraintestinal lodgement and development into cystic form of oocysts of either the pork (Taenia solium) or cattle (Taenia saginata) tapeworm. The tapeworm usually enters the body through the oro-fecal route and develops within the intestines to produce the condition, taeniasis. Some oocysts may migrate across the gut and extrahepatic pathways into any of the tissues within the body, resulting in cysticercosis of that organ [e.g., neurocysticercosis]. In relation to the eye, cysticercosis may involve intraocular structures [except crystalline lens], extraocular muscles, orbital tissue, and ocular adnexa. While it is common to find neurocysticercosis in a patient with intraocular cysticercosis, it is rare to find concurrent involvement of the extraocular tissues. The former observation makes it mandatory for all patients with intraocular cysticercosis to undergo neuroimaging to rule out neurocysticercosis and for patients with neurocysticercosis to be screened for intraocular cysticercosis. Neurocysticercosis may manifest as abrupt onset of seizures and other neurological symptoms. In many developing countries, cysticercosis is the most common parasitic infestation, and its prevalence is often considered as an indicator of social hygiene.
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
The diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is based on a combination of clinical presentation, radiologic findings, and the appropriate epidemiology. Revised diagnostic criteria have recently been published.9
Intraventricular neurocysticercosis causing obstructing hydrocephalus
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Alejandro Perez, Gaurav Syngal, Samreen Fathima, Sam Laali, Sadat Shamim
Neurocysticercosis is caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium.1 Intraventricular neurocysticercosis, which occurs in 10% to 20% of cases, develops when cysticerci become lodged in the ventricular outflow tracks, with consequent obstructive hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure.2 Associated symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status, and decreased visual acuity with papilledema.3 Less frequent symptoms include seizures and focal neurologic signs, usually from coexistent disease in the parenchyma or subarachnoid space.4 Occasionally, mobile cysts in the third and fourth ventricle can cause intermittent obstruction, leading to episodes of sudden loss of consciousness related to head movements (Bruns syndrome).5 We present a case of neurocysticercosis involving obstruction of the fourth ventricle leading to hydrocephalus.
Neurocysticercosis control for primary epilepsy prevention: a systematic review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Zhe Wang, Roxanna M. Garcia, Hanalise V. Huff, Milagros Niquen-Jimenez, Luis A. Marcos, Sandi K. Lam
After completing the search on 26 March 2021, duplicates were removed, and remaining articles were screened based on titles and abstracts. During initial screening, articles were excluded if the wrong population or wrong intervention was reported. Full texts of selected publications were then retrieved for in-depth review. Additional records were identified through citation search of full texts. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are displayed in Table 2. Full texts with following characteristics were included for final analysis: (1) studies conducted at the population level, (2) outcome measured incidence or prevalence of human taeniasis or cysticercosis, (3) outcome measured incidence or prevalence of porcine cysticercosis, or (4) outcome measured incidence or prevalence of epilepsy or seizure disorders. We included incidence of porcine cysticercosis as an outcome measure as human cysticercosis manifests years after infection, which requires long-term follow up. Articles were excluded if they (1) evaluated treatment efficacy of confirmed neurocysticercosis, (2) involved less than 100 total subjects, (3) were conducted in a laboratory setting, or (4) did not report cysticercosis incidence/prevalence as a study outcome.
Orbital cysticercosis: clinical features and management outcomes
Published in Orbit, 2021
Shebin Salim, Md Shahid Alam, Varsha Backiavathy, Nirav Dilip Raichura, Bipasha Mukherjee
Cysticercosis is a parasitic infestation caused by Cysticercus cellulosae; which is the larval form of Taenia solium. Human infection is caused by drinking contaminated water, eating uncooked vegetables infested with parasitic eggs, and by autoinoculation.1,2 Neurocysticercosis is the most common systemic manifestation.1 Intraocular cysticercosis especially involving the posterior segment is more common in western countries, while the orbital and adnexal form is more prevalent in the Indian subcontinent and it can occur in 13% to 46% of infected patients.3–5 Advances in the imaging modalities have made the diagnosis of orbital and adnexal cysticercosis easier and more accurate.6 The last study, one with a study population of more than 50 patients was published 10 years ago by Rath et al., and there is no recent study.7 There is also a lack of studies with an objective assessment of the management outcomes. We herewith present the clinical manifestations, radiological features, and treatment of a large case series of orbital cysticercosis presenting at a tertiary eye care center over 10 years with an objective analysis of the management outcome. The present study can provide further insight into the disease process and advances in the management over the past decade.