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Basic Microbiology
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Pseudomonas aeruginosa—The “pseudomonads” are members of the phylum Proteobacteria and the genus Pseudomonas. The almost 200 species in this genus are all Gram-negative rods and display great metabolic diversity as a group but are all chemoorganoheterotrophs. An important pseudomonad, P. aeruginosa, is a species found in water and soil, is motile with polar flagella and is encapsulated by exoploysaccharides which allow P. aeruginosa to effectively colonize a wide variety of surfaces of natural and man-made origin. Although considered strictly anaerobic, P. aeruginosa is tolerant to a variety of low oxygen conditions which allows it to participate in “biofilms” in which multiple species are present in a large biomass attached to a surface (5). This species causes problematic infections, mostly in immunocompromised individuals, as it displays multiple drug resistance.
Nanocarriers as an Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Dan Peer, Jeffrey M. Karp, Seungpyo Hong, Omid C. Farokhzad, Rimona Margalit, Robert Langer
Although passive targeting approaches form the basis of clinical therapy, they suffer from several limitations. Ubiquitously targeting cells within a tumour is not always feasible because some drugs cannot diffuse efficiently and the random nature of the approach makes it difficult to control the process. This lack of control may induce multiple-drug resistance (MDR)—a situation where chemotherapy treatments fail patients owing to resistance of cancer cells towards one or more drugs. MDR occurs because transporter proteins that expel drugs from cells are overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells [4, 11, 12]. Expelling drugs inevitably lowers the therapeutic effect and cancer cells soon develop resistance to a variety of drugs. The passive strategy is further limited because certain tumours do not exhibit the EPR effect, and the permeability of vessels may not be the same throughout a single tumour [13].
Pharyngitis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Pharyngeal TB requires no special treatment. It will, in principle, be treated at the same time as the pulmonary disease with triple therapy, usually isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrizinamide as first-line drugs. All cases should be treated in association with an interested specialist. Drug resistance (DR) worsens outcomes and may have significant cost implications. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is found globally. Management relies upon treatment with at least three drugs to which the isolate is susceptible. Directly observed treatment strategy should be used in adults and children where there is a significant risk of non-compliance and is vital to cut down transmission of disease in the community. TB can be controlled if appropriate policies are followed, effective clinical and public health management is ensured, and there are committed and coordinated efforts from within and outside the health sector. Rapid expansion of effective TB control services is urgently required to avert the continued high burden of morbidity and mortality from TB and its effects on the HIV pandemic.
Reverse engineering approach: a step towards a new era of vaccinology with special reference to Salmonella
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Shania Vij, Reena Thakur, Praveen Rishi
It has been estimated that typhoidal and non-typhoidal serovars cause a significant number of infections each year, accounting for approximately 190,000 and 155,000 deaths, respectively, annually around the world [6–8]. Traditional antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, quinolones, etc., are the mainstay to treat the infection. However, frequent, and inexorable use of these antibiotics has led to the emergence of multiple drug resistance in the pathogens [9]. As far as diagnostic assays for Salmonella infection are concerned, several culture and serology-based assays are used routinely. Assays based on blood culturing show poor sensitivity (40–80%) and are time-consuming [10,11], while serology-based methods (such as Widal, Tubex, and Typhidot) have poor sensitivity and specificity and are of little use in resource-constrained settings [12]. Given the significant burden of salmonellosis, World Health Organization (WHO) has mentioned Salmonella as one of the priority pathogens and re-emphasized the significance of vaccination for the control of enteric fever [13]. Hence, to facilitate accurate and rapid pathogen detection and to reduce the impact of infectious diseases, especially in endemic areas, better diagnostic antigens/assays along with novel prophylactic measures such as vaccines are direly needed.
An update on extracellular vesicles in multiple myeloma: a focus on their role in cell-to-cell cross-talk and as potential liquid biopsy biomarkers
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Luciana De Luca, Ilaria Laurenzana, Stefania Trino, Daniela Lamorte, Antonella Caivano, Pellegrino Musto
Drug resistance remains the major barrier to the successful treatment of cancer. The mechanisms by which therapeutic resistance arises are multi-factorial. The MM treatment has changed dramatically in recent years with the introduction of new drugs both in the front line and in the relapsed/refractory setting. However, practically all patients eventually relapse and often demonstrate multiple drug resistance [72]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the molecular mechanisms of resistance for available drugs to enhance the use of existing treatments and design more effective therapy. In this context, recent evidence has shown that EVs play a role in mediating drug resistance [73] (Table 1). In particular, Wang et al. demonstrated that BMSC-EVs induced bortezomib-resistance in MM cells and protected them from apoptosis, influencing the activation of several survival pathways, including p38, p53, c-JNK, and AKT [36].