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Other Double-Stranded DNA Viruses
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The family Plasmaviridae includes the sole genus Plasmavirus with the single species Acholeplasma virus L2, which infects Acholeplasma species, a wall-less bacteria of the class Mollicutes, and is released by budding through the cell membrane without causing host-cell lysis (Gourlay 1971; Poddar et al. 1985). As summarized by the regular ICTV reports (Maniloff 2012; Krupovic et al. 2018b), the enveloped virions are pseudospherical and slightly pleomorphic, as seen in Figure 5.14i, with a diameter of about 80 nm in the range of 50–125 nm. At least three distinct virion forms are produced during infection: ~75% of virions are 70–80 nm, ~20% are 80–90 nm, and ~5% are 110–120 nm (Poddar et al. 1985). The absence of a regular capsid structure suggests that plasmavirus virions consist of a condensed nucleoprotein bounded by a proteinaceous lipid vesicle. At least four major proteins of about 64, 61, 58, and 19 kDa were identified. The plasmavirus genome is circular, supercoiled dsDNA of ~12 kb encoding 15 ORFs, all of which are encoded on the same strand (Krupovic et al. 2018b).
Solithromycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Solithromycin has broad spectrum activity against staphylococci, streptococci including macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae, and atypical and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens such as H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, and Legionella pneumophila. Similar to macrolides, solithromycin is also potent against mollicutes that typically are resistant to cell wall–active agents. In vitro activity of solithromycin against common pathogens is shown in Table 66.1, Table 66.2, and Table 66.3.
The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Stephen J. Walker, Puja B. Patel
Research in animal studies has shown that HFDs result in significant modifications in specific taxonomic groups of the gut microbiota compared to control diets. However, there have not been many controlled human interventional studies that explore how gut microbiota composition is impacted by HFDs [5]. Wu et al. investigated changes in gut microbiota in 10 individuals who were given either a low-fiber/HFD or high-fiber/low-fat diet. They discovered that differences between individuals in microbiota layout possibly disguised differences due to short-term diet alterations. For the duration of the 10-day study, each participant was designated with an enterotype identity, distinguished by levels of specific bacterial genera, such as Bacteroides and Prevotella. These enterotype identities stayed constant, regardless of quick changes in gut microbiota, in 1 day of dietary interference [21]. Duncan et al. conducted a human study in which they observed how gut microbiota was affected when going from a weight maintenance diet to a high-fat/protein, low-carbohydrate diet (HPLC diet). The researchers observed a decrease in bacteria that ferment fiber, such as Eubacterium rectale, Roseburia spp., and Bifidobacterium [22]. The type of fat (saturated, monosaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acid) also seems to affect how each will influence gut microbiota. In one animal study, researchers discovered that gut microbiota diversity was diminished in mice that received a diet with high amounts of saturated fat; however, there was no microbial effect due to diets with high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) [5]. De Filippo et al. conducted a study in which they compared gut flora of children from Burkina Faso who ate a high-fiber diet, to European children who ate a Western high-fat/high-sugar diet. The West African children had diminished levels of Firmicutes and elevated levels of Bacteroidetes, together with bacterial species such as Prevotella and Xylanibacter (which specialize in fiber breakdown). These last two species were not present in European children. European children had elevated levels of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. When a similar study was conducted in animals given a high-fat, high-sugar, Western diet, researchers observed modifications to the gut flora. They saw a rise in Mollicutes, of the phyla Firmicutes, and restrained Bacteroidetes. When the flora of these Mollicutes-rich mice was transplanted into germ-free mice, researchers observed an increase in adiposity compared to transplantation with microbiota of lean mice [23]. Other studies examining the effect of HFDs on gut microbiota are summarized in Table 8.1 [5].
Investigating the potential of fish oil as a nutraceutical in an animal model of early life stress
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Sian Egerton, Francisco Donoso, Patrick Fitzgerald, Snehal Gite, Fiona Fouhy, Jason Whooley, Ted G. Dinan, John F. Cryan, Sarah C. Culloty, R. Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton
Animals supplemented with only fluoxetine had significantly lower abundance of a Mollicutes bacterium, Candidatus Saccharimonas and Ruminiclostridium and higher relative abundance of Neochlamydia, Lachnoclostridium, Acetitomaculum and Stenotrophomonas compared to MS-Con animals. Acetitomaculum and Stenotrophomonas were also significantly higher compared to NS-Con animals. The MS-FO group had 25 genera at significantly lower ratios compared to the MS-Con group, 13 of which were also significantly reduced in the MS-FLX-FO group (Table S3). The majority of these genera are associated with SCFA production, often in particular butyrate production. The MS-FO and MS-FLX-FO groups had seven and 12 genera at significantly higher relative abundances compared to MS-Con animals, repectively. These genera were; Rhodococcus, Enterococcus, Shuttleworthia, Bacillus, Aerococcus, Alloprevotella and Thalassospira, and Rhodococcus, Eisenbergiella, Prevotellaceae_UCG001, Alloprevotella, Lachnospiraceae_UCG004, Ruminococcaceae_UCG011, Gordonibacter, Tyzzerella, Ruminiclostridium_9, Barnesiella, Odoribacter and Anaerovorax, respectively.
Detection of microbial colonization of the urinary tract of patients prior to secondary ureterorenoscopy is highly variable between different types of assessment: results of a prospective observational study
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Valentin Zumstein, Patrick Betschart, Matthias T. Buhmann, Werner C. Albrich, Oliver Nolte, Sabine Güsewell, Daniel S. Engeler, Hans-Peter Schmid, Qun Ren, Dominik Abt
The findings of the present work show that preoperative routine urine culture does not reliably detect bacteria that are present in the urinary tract of patients with indwelling ureteral stents and might cause complications during secondary URS. Preoperative urine cultures hardly correlate with intraoperative and stent cultures. Moreover, 16S qPCR revealed that even in patients with negative routine urine cultures, non-cultivatable bacteria may be present, which could become relevant during surgery or any procedure leading to disruption of biofilms. It should be noted that the cultivation conditions routinely applied do not support growth of all fastidious microorganisms (e.g. Haemophilus ssp.) or of Mollicutes (e.g. myco-/ureaplasma). While the named bacteria are not generally considered as relevant uropathogens, their presence might explain the positive qPCR findings.
Lower gut microbiome diversity and higher abundance of proinflammatory genus Collinsella are associated with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Stuart Astbury, Edmond Atallah, Amrita Vijay, Guruprasad P Aithal, Jane I Grove, Ana M Valdes
We identified an OTU belonging to the putative order Mollicutes RF9 significantly associated with the control cohort. Members of the Mollicutes class have previously been linked to obesity36, but their functional roles are unclear.37 Recent work38 has correlated abundance of Mollicutes RF39 with circulating indolepropionic acid, a potent antioxidant produced by the microbiota and associated with a lower risk of type II diabetes39,40 thus providing a likely mechanism protective for NAFLD.