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Orders Norzivirales and Timlovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
In 2015, the appearance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) initiated rapid construction of the external quality assessment systems, which were based again on the MS2 VLPs encapsulating specific RNA sequences of MERS-CoV as positive specimens (Zhang Lei et al. 2016).
Drug Repurposing and Novel Antiviral Drugs for COVID-19 Management
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Shailendra Dwivedi, Aakanksha Rawat, Amit Ranjan, Ruchika Agrawal, Radhieka Misra, Sunil Kumar Gupta, Surekha Kishore, Sanjeev Misra
The threat of a deadly coronavirus outbreak was experienced in 2003 with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causing SARS. It was recognized as a highly infectious virus with propensity to spread rapidly. The first case was reported in China and later spread to five continents, with the calculated fatality rate of 9.6% during the outbreak period. As there were very few drugs to combat SARS, containment was the main strategy to stop its spread. Soon enough, in 2012, the second outbreak of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) occurred on the Arabian Peninsula, with a fatality rate of about 34.4%. Again, the strategy was to prevent virus spread and the testing of some experimental drugs, plus containing the outbreak to a small geographical area. Then, in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, which started in Wuhan, China and spread quickly around the world, was on March 11, 2020 declared the COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1, 2].
Pangolins Harbor SARS-CoV-2-Related Coronaviruses
Published in William C. Cockerham, Geoffrey B. Cockerham, The COVID-19 Reader, 2020
Sharing ~80% nucleotide identity, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are closely related to each other [1]. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have been taxonomically classified into a single viral species, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus [8]. A large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV) have been isolated from bats. Therefore, it has been widely thought that bats are the natural reservoirs of SARSr-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to multiple SARSr-CoVs of bats; for example, a bat CoV, BatCoV RaTG13, detected in Rhinolophus affinis from the Yunnan province of China, exhibits very high nucleotide identity (96.2% at the genome level) with SARS-CoV-2. These findings suggest a probable bat origin of SARSCoV-2 [1,2]. Whereas SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), two highly contagious CoVs that emerged in humans during the past two decades, might ultimately have bat origins, both of them were introduced into human populations through intermediate hosts [9]. It is possible that SARS-CoV-2 entered human populations through intermediate host(s). However, few SARS-CoV-2-related viruses have been described in mammals other than bats and humans.
Experience of School Nurses During Public Health Crises: From 2009 H1N1 Influenza to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2023
However, pandemic preparedness systems of schools were not designed to be activated by a single big issue such as COVID-19. The challenge to schools from emerging infectious diseases began with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic when the infection level of school populations was deemed explosive (World Health Organization, 2009). Although the risk of community transmission was low, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was also considered a global threat owing to its unpredictability. Korea had the second-highest number of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV after Saudi Arabia; this had led to temporary closures of some schools in the country (Kim et al., 2017). The challenges South Korea faced when it failed to contain the MERS outbreak taught many lessons about Korea’s response to emerging infectious diseases. School infectious disease response systems have been strengthened as a result, with the addition of the “Establishment of Infectious Disease Prevention Measures” to Article 14.3 of the School Health Act (2017). Therefore, the lessons of past epidemics had a considerable influence on the current COVID-19 response system. An exploration of the experiences of school nurses who have been at the forefront of protecting health in schools during these public health crises provides an opportunity to better understand the changes in schools brought about by these epidemics.
Asthma does not influence the severity of COVID-19: a meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Ting Wu, Pengyi Yu, Yuanxia Li, Junxin Wang, Zhen Li, Jingjing Qiu, Limei Cui, Yakui Mou, Yan Sun
In compliance with our findings, CoVs, which are relatively harmful respiratory pathogens, have not been correlated with asthma which is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways where many cells (34) and cellular elements play a role and feature variable airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (35). Our pooled estimate of the prevalence of asthma in COVID-19 was 0.08 (95% CI, 0.06–0.11), which was almost similar to asthma in respiratory CoV from a previous study that reported a mean prevalence of 0.084 (95% CI, 0.051, 0.136) (36). In terms of clinical manifestations, clinical symptoms of COVID-19 (such as fever, cough, shortness of breath) on admission are also common in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) patients. What’s more, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, belonging to respiratory CoV, did not appear to increase the risk of asthma exacerbations (36,37). To further investigate whether asthma is a risk factor for severe COVID-19, we performed subgroup analyses to establish the difference in the prevalence of asthma between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19. The data showed no significant difference existed.
Delivery of MERS antigen encapsulated in α-GalCer-bearing liposomes elicits stronger antigen-specific immune responses
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Masood Alam Khan, Ajamaluddin Malik, Abdulmohsen M. Alruwetei, Mohammad A. Alzohairy, Bader Y. Alhatlani, Osamah Al Rugaie, Fahad A. Alhumaydhi, Arif Khan
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) came into the light for the first time in 2012 when it was isolated from a patient suffering from the severe respiratory problems [1]. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) accounted the greatest numbers of MERS-CoV cases. Camels act as a reservoir for MERS-CoV and the individuals taking care of the animals are highly susceptible to viral infection [2]. The healthcare workers are supposed to be other major victims of MERS-CoV infection [3]. The MERS-CoV causes the acute respiratory and cardiovascular failure, renal dysfunction and pathogenesis of nervous tissues [4,5]. The individuals suffering from diabetes, kidney failure, chronic lung disease or immune-suppression are considered highly susceptible to MERS-CoA infection [5].