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Biosensors for Disease Diagnosis
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
Ramneet Kaur, Dibita Mandal, Juveria Ansari, Prachi R. Londhe, Vedika Potdar, Vishakkha Dash
Lentivirus is a genus of retroviruses that cause chronic diseases that have a characteristic long incubation period. Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is the most commonly known lentivirus, which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV known as the immunodeficiency virus suppresses the immune system and affects its ability to combat ordinary diseases such as the common cold. HIV infects type CD4 T helper cells affecting the body’s immune system. Around 38 million people were predicted to contract HIV in 2019. The death toll reached 69,000, and 1.7 million new cases were found in 2019. Looking at the impact of HIV on public health, scientists all over the world are developing new kits to detect HIV using antibodies. However, great limitations are faced during the detection of HIV at a very early stage of infection. Methods such as the use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) are employed, trying to increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the detection tests. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic methods are being developed, since they have a very high sensitivity and can be applied in early-stage detection of HIV in children in mother-to-child transmission, antiretroviral therapy, etc., by using nanoscale technologies. Some emerging methods which qualitatively and quantitatively detect HIV are listed below [12].
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is a type of lentivirus. This virus debilitates a person’s immune system. The immune system is crippled through destruction of essential cells which fight the diseases and infections that constantly attempt to strike human body (HIV basics, 2018). Lentivirus, a genus of retroviruses that generate long-standing and fatal diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in the mammalians including human. The basis of HIV was discovered when scientists identified a specific chimpanzee species in Central Africa (About HIV/AIDS, 2018). The chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus is called SIV. Scientists concluded that SIV was transmitted onto humans when they hunted the simians and contamination of blood took place. Thus SIV was transformed to HIV. This virus was originated in Africa, became more prominent until it escalated worldwide. Body fluids are the carriers of HIV transmission. Subsequent attack is targeted to the immune system, or more specifically the body’s CD4 cells (T cells). The CD4 cells are primarily responsible, alongside the immune system, to encounter the infections and other disease-containing entities (HIV.gov, 2017). When left untreated, HIV can destroy the CD4 cells, once again damaging body’s propensity of inhibiting infections. Once the body is attacked by HIV, it loses the inherent defense mechanism and over time body becomes unable to defend against infection and subsequent illness. HIV makes the body weak and open to be attacked by other microbes/parasites that weaken the health even more.
HIV and AIDS
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
The new virus causing immune deficiency in humans was identified as a Lentivirus, a subgroup of the Retroviridae family which produces chronic and ultimately fatal disease in mammals after a long incubation period (Figure 6.1).44 There are five serogroups based on the vertebrate hosts they infect. The main difference between lentiviruses and standard retroviruses is that lentiviruses are capable of infecting both non-dividing and actively dividing cell types, while standard retroviruses can only infect actively dividing cells. Lentiviruses are also known to have high mutation and recombination rates, major factors in the future struggle to identify effective treatment.
Platelet–leukocyte interactions in the pathogenesis of viral infections
Published in Platelets, 2022
Eugenio D. Hottz, Anna Cecíllia Quirino-Teixeira, Laura Botelho Merij, Mariana Brandi Mendonça Pinheiro, Stephane Vicente Rozini, Fernando A. Bozza, Patrícia T. Bozza
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a member of the Lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family and is classified into two types, HIV-1, and −2, HIV-1 being the main agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Usually, HIV-1 enters the target T-cells through sequential interactions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (GP120) with the cellular receptor CD4 and the co-receptors CCR5 or CXCR4[46]. HIV-infection leads to systemic T cell destruction and a decrease in cell-mediated immunity, opening the way for a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers. Besides, HIV-1 can promote inflammation through infection and activation of other immune cells [47. Several combinations of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens emerged in the late 1990s, suppressing viral replication and changing HIV from a progressive and fatal illness into a chronic manageable disease [47]. However, even though suppression of viral replication and absence of opportunistic infections are achieved through ART, people living with HIV still experience earlier mortality and increased incidence of noninfectious comorbidities including cardiovascular diseases, neurocognitive disorders, and non-AIDS cancers [48,49].
Production of CAR T-cells by GMP-grade lentiviral vectors: latest advances and future prospects
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2019
Mansour Poorebrahim, Solmaz Sadeghi, Elham Fakhr, Mohammad Foad Abazari, Vahdat Poortahmasebi, Asma Kheirollahi, Hassan Askari, Alireza Rajabzadeh, Malihe Rastegarpanah, Aija Linē, Angel Cid-Arregui
After attachment and subsequent penetration into host cells, the viral RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of viral cDNA by the reverse transcriptase. During reverse transcription and synthesis of the two DNA strands, sequences from both termini of the RNA are duplicated, generating the long terminal repeats (LTRs), each one with the U3-R-U5 sequence, located at each end of the double-stranded viral DNA; this is then transported to the nucleus. The newly synthesized retroviral DNA integrates into the host DNA and is referred to as the provirus [54]. The provirus replicates during the cell cycle process and subsequently passes to daughter cells. Unlike other members of the Retroviridae family, lentiviruses can productively infect nondividing cells, which make them attractive for gene therapy [55–57]. Finally, progeny viral genomes are transcribed from the integrated DNA and transported to the cytoplasm. The virion acquires its lipid envelope by budding from the plasma membrane. During the budding process, the viral polyproteins are cleaved by the virus protease, producing a mature infectious virion [58].
Novel therapeutic approaches for targeting TB and HIV reservoirs prevailing in lungs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Mrunal Jadhav, Tabassum Khan, Chintan Bhavsar, Munira Momin, Abdelwahab Omri
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease that occurs through inhalation of droplets containing M. tuberculosis bacilli generated during coughing, sneezing or talking to a person infected with pulmonary TB [2,3]. TB mostly affects lungs, however, it can also affect other parts of the body like bone, intestine, urinary tract, and skin [4]. HIV a lentivirus is the causative agent of AIDS characterized by severe impairment of immune system resulting in markedly decreased CD4+ T cells. A decreased CD4+T cell count makes the HIV+ person susceptible to various life-threatening opportunistic infections [4–6]. A HIV+ person is 20–30 times more likely to develop TB than HIV− person. In 2017, there were an estimated 0.9 million new cases of TB amongst HIV+ individuals [1].