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Kobuviruses
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Kattareeya Kumthip, Pattara Khamrin, Niwat Maneekarn
The prototype kobuvirus, Aichi virus, was first detected in stool samples from patients suffering from gastroenteritis outbreak in Aichi prefecture, Japan, in 1989.10 Since then, kobuviruses have been reported from a wide range of domestic and wild animal species, including cattle,11–13 swine,14–16 wild boars,17 bats,18 sheep,19 goats,20,21 dogs,22–24 cats,25,26 red foxes,27 ferrets,28 rodents,29 rabbits,30 and birds.31 This chapter presents an overview of kobuviruses that infect humans.
The potential of plant-made vaccines to fight picornavirus
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez, Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
Picornaviridae is one of the largest viral families, which according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) comprise 35 genera enclosing 80 viral species; many other are on the list to be classified. All members are ~30-32 nm in diameter with an icosahedral structure composed of 60 identical units (protomers) [1]. The members of this family have a genome composed of a single-stranded, positive-sense, and non-segmented RNA; with a length ranging 6.7–10.1 kb. The ORF is flanked by two untranslated regions (UTR); with the 5´end containing diverse RNA secondary structures implicated in replication and associated with the VPg protein that plays an important role in translation. The 3´UTR contains a poly (A) tail that mimics mRNA from the host providing genome stability (Figure 1). Picornaviruses possess four capsid proteins having b-barrel folding and code for a polyprotein that is processed by virus-encoded cysteine proteinases; their replication is performed by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase containing the YGDD sequence motif. Picornaviruses are transmitted through the oral-fecal or aerial routes and many of them affect humans and animals; causing subclinical infections, mild febrile illness, and mild diseases in the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts; as well as severe heart, liver, and central nervous system diseases. Picornaviruses of the genera Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Hepatovirus, Kobuvirus, Parechovirus, and Salivirus infect humans [2].