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Arthropod-borne virus encephalitis
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
La Crosse virus is at once the most common cause of endemic encephalitis in children in the U.S., and the most frequently identified arbovirus encephalitis in the U.S. An average of 74 cases were reported annually from 1964 to 1999 in the U.S. [13]. A member of the California serogroup bunyaviruses of the Bunyaviridae family, La Crosse is a single stranded RNA virus with a negative sense genome of three segments [72]. First isolated from the brain of a four-year-old girl in La Crosse, Wisconsin in 1960 [73], it was not the first virus in the serogroup to be isolated. California encephalitis virus was first isolated from mosquitoes in Kern County at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley in California in 1943 [74]. It was associated with three cases of encephalitis two years later, but no further cases were reported until that of a 65-year-old man who fully recovered from encephalitis in Marin County, California in 1996 [75]. In contrast, another member of the California serogroup, Jamestown Canyon Virus, appears to be significantly more common than previously appreciated. Mayo and his colleagues have recently found seroprevalence rates between 3.9% and 10.1% in Connecticut, citing similar prevalence rates in Massachusetts [76].
Bunyaviruses
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Patrik Kilian, Vlasta Danielová, Daniel Růžek
Like the two mentioned above, the Jamestown Canyon virus occurs in North America. Unlike the LACY, the Jamestown Canyon virus was shown to be a cause of human encephalitis that is predominant and more severe in adults (Grimstad et al. 1986). These three viruses all cause similar encephalitic diseases that differ with respect to age dependence and severity of symptoms. It seems that the LACY and the Jamestown Canyon virus cause encephalitis more frequently than the California encephalitis virus (Campbell et al. 1992).
Surveillance for Zika in Mexico: naturally infected mosquitoes in urban and semi-urban areas
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Fabián Correa-Morales, Cassandra González-Acosta, David Mejía-Zúñiga, Herón Huerta, Crescencio Pérez-Rentería, Mauricio Vazquez-Pichardo, Aldo I. Ortega-Morales, Luis M. Hernández-Triana, Víctor M. Salazar-Bueyes, Miguel Moreno-García
Female Ae. epactius have an aggressive feeding behavior, preferring to feed on mammals including humans [26]. Aedes epactius has been reported as a vector of Jamestown Canyon virus [27] and can transmit St. Louis encephalitis virus transovarially to their progeny [28]. However, Ae. epactius has never been incriminated as a vector of ZIKV, e.g., [10]. This species is a very common species in the Midwestern United States, and northern and central Mexico [15,19], including urban and suburban areas at low, mid and high elevations [29]. In urban and semi-urban areas, larvae of this species can be found in cemeteries, permanent and temporary ponds and water channels with a high content of organic matter [25]. Culex erraticus is a tropical species that occurs from South and Meso America, including southeastern Mexico, to the eastern USA, where this species reaches its northernmost distributional point [15,30]. It feeds primarily on avian hosts, however, it can also bite mammals, reptiles and amphibians [31,32]. It has been proposed that this species may have a role in Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) transmission, St. Louis encephalitis (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) [32]. In urban and semi-urban areas, larvae can be found in rain collectors, ponds and shipping canals [25].