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Mite allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Enrique Fernández-Caldas, Leonardo Puerta, Luis Caraballo, Victor Iraola, Richard F. Lockey
Ticks (Ixodida), belonging to the families Ixodidae and Argasidae, have several proteins in their saliva that can induce IgE-mediated reactions after a bite. Several cases of anaphylaxis after tick bites are reported [187]. The allergenic composition of these mites has been analyzed [188], and an important allergen of Argas reflexus, the European pigeon tick, is cloned. Arg r 1 is a protein belonging to the lipocalin family [189]. In the case of the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, an allergen of 28 kDa from the salivary gland, has been identified [190]. Other allergenic proteins, with molecular masses of 51, 38, and 35 kDa from I. pacificus, I. ricinus, Haemaphysalis punctata, and Rhipicephalus sp. are described [191–194].
Biology and Distribution of Ticks of Medical Importance
Published in Jürg Meier, Julian White, Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
André Aeschlimann, Thierry A. Freyvogel
Within the Chelicerata, ticks and mites form the order of the Acarina. Most acarines are tiny animals, less than 1 mm in body length, but adult ticks can be between 3 and 23 mm long. The ticks belong to the suborder Metastigmata (or Ixodida), characterised by paired lateral respiratory openings, the stigmata, which are located on either side of the body, about half-way between its anterior and posterior ends.
Ticks (order Ixodida)
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2015
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
The Ixodida (ticks), along with mites, comprise the subclass Acari within the class Arachnida. Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites in the order Ixodida. There are three families of ticks: the Ixodidae or hard ticks (over 700 species), characterized by the presence of a hard dorsal shield (Figure 1), the Argasidae, or soft ticks (approximately 200 species), in which, unlike the ixodids, the capitulum bearing the mouthparts is concealed beneath the body (Figure 2), and the Nuttalliellidae, consisting of a single species found in southern Africa.
Interactomics and tick vaccine development: new directions for the control of tick-borne diseases
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018
Sara Artigas-Jerónimo, José De La Fuente, Margarita Villar
Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) are obligate hematophagous arthropod ectoparasites that transmit more than 100 pathogens including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths responsible of a growing number of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) throughout the world [1]. Ticks represent, after mosquitoes, the second-most common vector of pathogens responsible for diseases in humans and the first cause of pathogen diseases in domestic and wild animals [1–3]. Complete descriptions of tick-borne pathogens, vectors, geographical distribution, transmission cycles, TBDs, and host species affected can be found in de la Fuente et al. [1,4] and Schorderet-Weber et al. [5]. Several biotic and abiotic factors have contributed to the actual increment in the prevalence of TBDs rising the public health concern toward this global challenge [6–12].
How relevant are in vitro culture models for study of tick-pathogen interactions?
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Cristiano Salata, Sara Moutailler, Houssam Attoui, Erich Zweygarth, Lygia Decker, Lesley Bell-Sakyi
During the last two decades, the rate of emergence of vector-borne diseases has increased worldwide presenting a significant global economic burden. Ticks are second only to insects as vectors of human diseases, and are the most important vectors of livestock diseases especially in tropical countries [1]. Ticks, hematophagous ectoparasitic arthropods belonging to the order Ixodida of the class Arachnida, comprise two main families: the Argasidae (soft ticks) with 218 species [2] and the Ixodidae (hard ticks) with 742 species [3]. Ticks are widely distributed around the world, in particular in countries with warm, humid climates. As obligate bloodfeeders, ticks can acquire a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths from their hosts during feeding [4], and subsequently transmit the pathogens during their next blood meal. Once infected, ticks may remain infective for a single stage or for life, depending on the pathogen species, and can transmit to vertebrate hosts and/or other ticks. Other ticks may be infected by the venereal route or by co-feeding in which the pathogen transmission occurs when a naïve tick acquires an infection after feeding in close proximity to an infected tick while the vertebrate host may remain uninfected [5]. In addition, numerous tick-borne pathogens can be passed vertically from adult females to their offspring, which can then transmit during their first or subsequent blood meal. Although the vertical transmission efficiency appears to be low for some microorganisms, it is essential for the persistence of pathogens for which ticks also represent the natural reservoir [6].