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Order Tymovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Next, an epitope from VP2 protein of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) was fused to the N-terminus of the BaMV coat protein (Chen et al. 2012). The chimeric infectious virions were generated with the same BaMV vector harboring the truncated coat with the N-terminal 35-aa deletion (Yang et al. 2007) and addition of the vvIBDV VP2 P domain loop PBC, namely an aa residue stretch 207-TLTAADDYQFSSQYQAGG-224 of the IBDV strain V97/TW. The chimeric virions were purified from the leaves of C. quinoa plants and demonstrated, after intramuscular immunization, not only specific IBDV immunogenicity but also protection of chickens against challenge with the vvIBDV, strain V263/TW (Chen et al. 2012).
Cheap as Chicken
Published in Joyce D’Silva, John Webster, The Meat Crisis, 2017
Chickens can suffer disease, like any other animal. The difference is that, if disease enters a poultry house containing 25,000 birds, then it is not possible to hospitalize or to examine and treat individuals, so chickens are always considered as a mass, rather than as individuals. Chickens are routinely protected from some diseases, for example Infectious Bursal Disease Virus, by vaccination at the hatchery, or via vaccination in the drinking water on the farm. They may also be protected from some parasitic diseases by vaccination and until recently (and still the case in some countries) by using anti-parasiticidal drugs acting against the gut parasite, coccidia.
Tulsi
Published in H.S. Puri, Rasayana, 2002
Bhargava and Singh (1981) and Dadekar et al. (1988) noted anti-stress activity in the herb, while Singh et al. (1989) studied it for anoxia tolerance. Ahumada et al. (1991) observed an adaptogenic effect in-induced narcosis in rats. It enhanced the physical endurance and survival time, and protected against modulated humoral immune responses. Bhattacharya et al. (1994–1995) studied the modulation of blood sugar levels in stress-induced rats by this herb. Trivedi et al. (1995) carried a clinical evaluation of the leaf powder for laryngo-pharyngitis, bronchial asthma and in stress-related hypertension. It was found to be a highly efficacious immunomodulator in humans. It increased cell-mediated immune response. Kozlovskaya (1996) studied the psychotropic effects of an essential oil and water extract on the behaviour of rats under acute emotional stress and on the status of the lymphoid organs (thymus, adrenal glands and spleen); both the water extract and essential oil had a similar effect in correcting behavioural as well as somatic reactions to stress. Sadekar et al. (1998) carried out research on the immunomodulating effect of dry leaf powder on humoral response in poultry, naturally infected with infectious bursal disease, IBD virus. The powder had a positive immunostimulatory effect and it overcame the immunosuppressive effect of the IBD infection.
Clinico-hematological, serum biochemical, genotoxic and histopathological effects of trichlorfon in adult cockerels
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Riaz Hussain, Farah Ali, Muhammad Tariq Javed, Ghazalla Jabeen, Abdul Ghaffar, Iahtasham Khan, Saima Liaqat, Tariq Hussain, Rao Zahid Abbas, Asif Riaz, Shafia Tehseen Gul, Muhammad Taslim Ghori
A total of sixty adult and sexually mature male cockerels (Lohmann Selected White leghorn) of same age (16 weeks) and body weight (bw; 1790–1810 gm) were procured from a local commercial poultry farm and kept under strict biosecurity and sanitation conditions. All the cockerels were vaccinated against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, hydropericardium syndrome, and infectious bursal disease. The experimental cockerels were offered commercial poultry feed having about 20% crude proteins and clean fresh water ad libitum. After adaptation, 2 weeks of acclimatization all the cockerels were randomly placed in five groups (A–E) in wire cages with standard managemental conditions such as temperature (27–28 °C) and relative humidity (60–65%). Trichlor (80% w/w); Welcare agrochemical Enterprises Pakistan mixed in corn oil was given to cockerels as follow. A (0.0 mg/kg bw), B (8 mg/kg bw), C (12 mg/), D (16 mg/kg bw), and E (20 mg/kg bw) for 45 days. The body mass and feed consumption were recorded on daily basis and the results were interpreted on days 15, 30, and 45 of the experiment.
Effect of sub-lethal doses of thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid) on hemato-biochemical parameters in broiler chicks
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Shafia Tehseen Gul, Ahrar Khan, Maqbool Ahmad, Muhammad Farhan Anwar, Aisha Khatoon, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Muhammad Naveed Akram
For this trail, totally 90, one-day broiler chicks were procured from local hatchery and were acclimatized for three days. The birds were divided in to five equal groups (18 birds/group) and kept in wire cages under standard managemental and housing conditions. Basal diet and clean water were available around the clock. Chicks were vaccinated according to standard vaccination schedule for Newcastle diseases, infectious bursal disease and hydropericardium syndrome. Groups A, B, C and D were treated with TMX @ 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW through crop tube on daily basis. Group E was kept as a control. Birds were vaccinated according to the prescribed schedule for broiler during this trial. Blood samples with and without anticoagulant were collected after one week of the treatment from four randomly selected birds from each group and so on (10th, 17th, 24th, 31st, 38th and 45th day of experiment). Serum samples were stored at −20 °C for further analysis. This research plan was approved by graduate studies and research board (GSRB) of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2019
Aamir Nawab, Lilong An, Jiang Wu, Guanghui Li, Wenchao Liu, Yi Zhao, Qimin Wu, Mei Xiao
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease), is an acute contagious immunosuppressive disease of young chickens caused by IBD virus [162]. This disease is responsible for major economic losses in the commercial poultry industry [129, 130]. A study has investigated that intramuscular use of DNA vaccine with attenuated IBD vaccine or CpG-ODN conferred protection to 70–80% of chickens from a lethal challenge with vvIBDV (very virulent infectious bursal disease viral) infection (99J1 strain) [163–165]. The results suggest that use of DNA vaccine containing VP2 gene of vvIBDV along with either CpG-ODN 1826 or live IBD vaccine can protect chickens from a lethal vv IBDV challenge [140].