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Blood transfusion in patients requiring long-term support
Published in Jennifer Duguid, Lawrence Tim Goodnough, Michael J. Desmond, Transfusion Medicine in Practice, 2020
Two more recently described viruses have been linked with post-transfusion hepatitis, namely hepatitis G virus (HGV) and the ‘transfusion-transmitted’ (TT) virus. For neither agent could infection be related to liver disease in thalassaemia patients.56
Practice Paper 5: Answers
Published in Anthony B. Starr, Hiruni Jayasena, David Capewell, Saran Shantikumar, Get ahead! Medicine, 2016
Anthony B. Starr, Hiruni Jayasena, David Capewell
There are a number of other viruses that can cause hepatitis. Hepatitis A virus is spread by the faeco-oral route, and usually causes a self-limiting illness that is often associated with the development of profound jaundice. Hepatitis E is similar to hepatitis A, with the distinction that if contracted during pregnancy it is associated with a high mortality. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread by blood products and sexual intercourse, and is associated with a mild/asymptomatic acute infection followed by chronic carriage in up to 85% of those infected. Chronic carriers of HCV are at risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis D virus is an incomplete virus that can infect only people who already have HBV infection. When present in HBV-positive individuals, it often results in a more severe disease and an increased likelihood of developing cirrhosis and fulminant liver failure. Other causes of viral hepatitis include cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus and hepatitis G virus.
Viral Hepatitis
Published in John F. Pohl, Christopher Jolley, Daniel Gelfond, Pediatric Gastroenterology, 2014
Hepatitis G virus (HGV or GBV) is known to infect humans but has not been definitively shown to cause disease. It is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridiae family, closely related to HCV. Risk factors include being an intravenous drug abuser, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive, and having multiple sexual partners. Testing is on a research basis only.
The CD8+ T cell exhaustion mechanisms in chronic hepatitis B infection and immunotherapeutic strategies: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Esmaeil Allahmoradi, Ramtin Mohammadi, Peyman Kheirandish Zarandi, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Mohammad Heiat
Our review has some strong point, such as applied the numerous exclusion criteria to minimize the effects confusing factors. Accordingly, studies included only on untreated human samples in different phases of the disease and were conducted exclusively on CD8+ T cells. Moreover, we included articles that were caused by HBV in different clinical phase, such as HCC, LC and ACLF, and co-infected with other viral infections such as HIV, HCV, hepatitis G virus (HGV) or hepatitis D virus (HDV), were excluded.