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Gastrointestinal and liver infections
Published in Michael JG Farthing, Anne B Ballinger, Drug Therapy for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2019
Long-term asymptomatic carriage is also recognized to occur with a variety of intestinal protozoal pathogens including Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum and Entamoeba histolytica. In highly endemic areas, attempts at eradication are usually not considered appropriate but in countries where these infections are uncommon—particularly the industrialized nations in the northern hemisphere, antimicrobial chemotherapy to clear the infection is usually given. Failure to clear these enteropathogens is common in the immunocompromised, particularly those with HIV infection. Symptomatic treatment may be the only option when antibiotic therapy fails.
Blastocystis
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The pathogenicity of Blastocystis is still controversial, so it is doubtful to what extent prevention from Blastocystis infection should be prioritized. To date, no prophylaxis or vaccine studies for Blastocystis have been carried out. Despite some gaps in the life cycle, the most accepted transmission method of Blastocystis is the fecal-oral route. Therefore, prevention strategies for Blastocystis infection may be similar to other zoonotic intestinal protozoa, such as Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia intestinalis. Preventing food and water sources from fecal contamination, animal handling, and improvement of personal hygiene seem to be effective for the prevention of Blastocystis infection.28,112,113
Nitazoxanide
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Nitazoxanide inhibits the in vitro growth of Giardia intestinalis (also known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia duodenalis) (Bernal-Redondo et al., 2004). One in vitro study found tizoxanide to be eight times as active as metronidazole against metronidazole-susceptible Giardia isolates and twice as active against a metronidazole-resistant isolate (Adagu et al., 2002).
Novel therapeutic opportunities for Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia intestinalis infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Francesca Arrighi, Arianna Granese, Paola Chimenti, Paolo Guglielmi
Giardia intestinalis (syn., G. lamblia, G. duodenalis) is, similar to T. vaginalis, a flagellate protozoan involved in the insurgence of intestinal infection called giardiasis [32]. Its life cycle includes trophozoite and cystic forms. After ingestion of giardia cysts, typically via contaminated food or water or via the fecal-oral route, they direct to the stomach, where host proteases and acidic pH weaken cyst walls beginning the excystation, that is complete in the upper small intestine [33]. The released vegetative trophozoites divide by binary fission and attach to the small intestinal lumen epithelium via a ventral adhesive disk. The completion of life cycle is reached when trophozoites, after detachment, move along the GI tract where they are exposed to bile, and initiate encystation to create new cysts that are excreted into the environment [34]. Giardia intestinalis infection can occur without symptoms or exhibiting acute watery diarrhea, nausea, epigastric pain, and weight loss [32].
Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections in Kurdistan province, northwest Iran
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2018
Fares Bahrami, Ali Haghighi, Ghasem Zamini, Mohammad Bagher Khadem-Erfan, Eznolla Azargashb
In developing countries, intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are the most common infections (Sayyari, Imanzadeh, Bagheri Yazdi, Karami, & Yaghoobi, 2005). If IPIs are not recognized and treated appropriately, they can result in significant morbidity and mortality (Gilles & Hoffman, 2002). IPIs can be caused by protozoan organisms or helminths. The most common intestinal pathogenic parasites include: Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia, Cyclospora cayetanenensis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Blastocystis sp. Necator americanus, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia saginata, and Trichuris trichiura (Haque, 2007; Horton, 2003).
The incidence of laboratory-confirmed cases of enteric pathogens in Denmark 2018: a national observational study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Anna Tølbøll Svendsen, Hans Linde Nielsen, Peter Bytzer, John Eugenio Coia, Jørgen Engberg, Hanne Marie Holt, Lars Lemming, Steen Lomborg, Ea Sofie Marmolin, Bente Scharvik Olesen, Leif Percival Andersen, Steen Ethelberg, Anne Line Engsbro
We found that the most commonly detected pathogen in travel-related cases was ETEC, followed by Shigella species/EIEC where 92% and 85% of cases, respectively, were travel-related. For Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp., approximately two-thirds were travel-related. Travel history was largely unknown for the viral pathogens. Our findings agree with the most common pathogens reported in travellers’ diarrhoea by previous reports [22,23] and the US CDC [29]. Due to the low report on travel history for many enteropathogens, we are unable to provide estimates on relative proportions on bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens in travellers’ diarrhoea in Denmark.