China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Introduction
Published in Jim Lynch, What Is Life and How Might It Be Sustained?, 2023
It is also important to realise that pandemics can affect animals, the foot-and-mouth disease virus being a good example. From 1998 to 2001, the Pan Asia Strain affected Africa and Europe. Then, in 2001, another strain in the UK affected cloven-hoof animals, resulting in 6 million sheep and cattle being killed to try to halt the spread at a cost of £86 million to the UK. The cause was almost certainly infected waste meat getting into the supply chain and extensive distribution across the country. It was both an animal and human tragedy at huge cost to farming families both emotionally and financially. The impact of the disease to the management of farming and the environment prompted an examination of both farming practices and the psychosocial effects of such a disaster, justifying the need for a holistic approach.
The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
All vaccines licensed for use are tested for effectiveness and safety. Production of such effective and safe viral vaccines is often difficult as there are a number of potential problems. Vaccine preparations made using animal cells or tissues may contain contaminating viruses. For example, smallpox vaccine may be contaminated with foot-and-mouth disease virus during passage in calves. The scrapie agent related to the “mad cow” agent contaminated louping ill vaccines previously used in England. A source of potential contamination of vaccines is bovine calf serum used in many cell cultures. Another problem is that live viral vaccines can be inactivated if held at room temperature or in warm conditions. This is particularly true in warm climates and in the tropics. Thus, efforts must be in place to maintain the “cold chain” before the vaccine is administered. In general, live vaccines are not used in pregnant women or animals because of potential teratogenic effects.
Evolution
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Later, the same fundamental conclusion was repeated by Esteban Domingo's team in their study on genetic heterogeneity generated upon passage of the foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell cultures (Sobrino et al. 1983).
Locked and loaded: engineering and arming oncolytic adenoviruses to enhance anti-tumor immune responses
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Translational truncation sequences have been co-opted from viruses like Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) (reviewed in [78]). These so-called ‘2A’ peptide sequences are usually 18–22 amino acids (50–70 bp). When they are inserted in-frame between two ORFs, they induce ribosomal stalling and skipping during translation to yield two separate proteins from one mRNA [79]. 2A elements have the primary advantage of drastically reducing the size of two cDNA cassettes when compared to autonomous cassettes and IRES elements since 2A elements are only 50–70 bp in length. While 2A elements can work, there will always be a 2A sequence ‘scar’ on the c-terminus of the first protein and a proline added to the second protein. 2A elements have been used to link many transgene proteins together (i.e. IL-12 alpha and beta subunits), but also to fuse transgenes to E1A, pIX, or fiber genes [80–82]. However, the fusion of 2A proteins to the pIX capsid cement protein can cause instability of capsids [80]. Fiber-linked-2A peptide can cause repression of the E1A expression [81]. Thus, the use of 2A peptides in Ads should be empirically evaluated.
Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
The causative agent of FMD is foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. It is a nonenveloped single stranded positive sense RNA virus containing a genome, ~ 8.3 kb in length enclosed in a viral capsid [5]. The genome contains a single open reading frame (ORF) that codes for four structural (VP1–4) and 8–10 non-structural proteins. The viral capsid comprises 60 copies of each of the 4 structural proteins. One copy of each of the structural protein form a protomer, 5 protomers form a pentamer, and 12 pentamers form the complete capsid. VP1, 2 and 3 are on the surface of the virus and are comprised essentially of 8 antiparallel β sheets linked to each other by loop structures to form a β barrel, whereas VP4 is internal and has little secondary structure [5].
The use of databases, data mining and immunoinformatics in vaccinology: where are we?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Nagendra R. Hegde, S. Gauthami, H. M. Sampath Kumar, Jagadeesh Bayry
Findings from structure biology have also been instrumental in designing novel vaccine candidates. From a metastable, difficult to purify, weak, recombinant antigen, structure–function analyses yielded a highly stable respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein capable of eliciting strong functional antibody responses [36,47–51]. Similar structure-guided engineering has been employed to produce potent, conformationally stable, and homogenous spike protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [52]. Broadly cross-reacting neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) have also recently been described against dengue virus in both infected and vaccinated individuals, and these have been shown to bind to regions which are irrelevant to serotypes [53–56]. Importantly, recent studies have shown the importance and utility of structure-guided studies to engineer high affinity bNAbs [57]. In another example, structure-based studies have not only revealed the determinants of thermolability of foot-and-mouth disease virus but also have helped in the development of more stable variants, which are not typically represented in natural infections, as vaccine candidates [58–63].