China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Stephen J. Walker, Puja B. Patel
Diet is a critically important factor capable of shaping and defining the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota of healthy adults is considerably balanced; however, research has shown that short-term adjustments in diet can quickly impact microbiota composition and can manifest within 1–4 days of a diet change, and while these short-term changes can usually be reversed, longer dietary changes may cause a lasting effect [5,8]. HFDs correlate with elevated levels of Erysipelotrichia, within the phyla Firmicutes, especially Clostridium ramosum. Research has shown that the presence of Clostridium ramosum can cause diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice; it is also responsible for heightened expression of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) and fatty acid translocase (CD36); both are responsible for an increased absorption of carbohydrates and fat [1]. In animal models of research, when there is a diet change, there is a modification to levels of intestinal bacteria, namely Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. When mice were fed HFDs, there was an increase in the amount of Firmicutes and decrease in the amount of Bacteroidetes [8].
Religious Aspects and Medicinal Uses of Salvadora persica (Miswak)
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Furthermore, contemporary approaches have demonstrated some microbial infectious agents are closely related to periodontitis, for instance, the classes of microorganisms, i.e. Erysipelotrichia, Negativicutes and Clostridia (Griffen et al., 2012), Prevotella, Fusobacterium (Costalonga & Herzberg, 2014) and Synergistes (Vartoukian et al., 2009); similarly the species Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Ardila & Bedoya-García, 2020), Methanosarcina mazeii, Methanobrevibacter oralis, Methanobacterium curvum/congolense (Lepp et al., 2004; Matarazzo et al., 2011; Willis & Gabaldón, 2020) and Filifactor alocis (Griffen et al., 2012). Several studies have explained the antibacterial effects of Salvadora persica on different kinds of microbes (Al Bratty et al., 2020; Arshad et al., 2021; Khalil et al., 2019). The products and extracts of miswak have been demonstrated to have considerable bacteria-killing activity against gram-negative and gram-positive microbes, as well as subduing microbial biofilms, in a lot of research experiments that encourage the usage of miswak as an antibacterial medicine in a range of ailments (Mekhemar et al., 2021). One of the suggested mechanisms of the miswak-facilitated bacterial killing function was focusing on the microbial membranes by BITC (benzyl isothiocyanate), which is one of the dynamic constituents of miswak extracts. Micrographs of periodontal infectious agents showed that complexes of benzyl isothiocyanate and miswak extracts might give rise to the membrane protuberances of bacteria like antimicrobial peptides (Socransky et al., 1998). By means of the disintegration of the external membrane of bacteria, bioactive complexes of Salvadora persica will invade the microbial cell and interrelate with the redox systems of the microbes, weakening the capability of the microbes to preserve their membrane potential. Such a method of benzyl isothiocyanate has also been documented for membranes of mitochondria (Socransky et al., 1998).
Reversal of temperature responses to methylone mediated through bi-directional fecal microbiota transplantation between hyperthermic tolerant and naïve rats
Published in Temperature, 2022
Robert Goldsmith, Amal Aburahma, Sudhan Pachhain, Sayantan Roy Choudhury, Vipa Phuntumart, Ray Larsen, Christopher S. Ward, Jon E. Sprague
Previously, a hyperthermic dose of MDMA was shown to lead to the enrichment of the relative proportion of a Proteus mirabilis strain in the ceca [10]. In that same study, antibiotic treatment not only prevented the Proteus mirabilis enrichment but also attenuated MDMA-induced hyperthermia. [39] examined the effects of synthetic cathinones on the diversity and taxonomic structure of the gut microbiome. Those authors found that the two phyla most altered by the synthetic cathinones were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The genus- and species-level identities of the microbes involved in the present temperature changes are unknown due to the insufficient resolving power of the partial 16S rRNA gene; however, the concordance of changes in the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria following FMT implicates members of these two classes as potential contributors to the establishment of methylone tolerance. The lower relative abundance of Erysipelotrichia in MHT animals, and its increase following FMT similarly implicates this class as a potential contributor.
Serrated neoplasia in the colorectum: gut microbiota and molecular pathways
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Xing Kang, Ru Zhang, Thomas Ny Kwong, Rashid Ns Lui, William Kk Wu, Joseph Jy Sung, Jun Yu, Sunny H Wong
Recent literature has provided evidence that microorganisms can promote colorectal carcinogenesis.20 Nevertheless, these studies have focused on CRC and premalignant polyps derived from the conventional pathway,20 and the role of microorganisms in the serrated neoplasia is less clear. Peters et al. compared the stool microbiota between conventional adenoma and serrated lesions of 540 colonoscopy-screened adults by 16S rDNA gene sequencing and observed a significant depletion of Erysipelotrichi in 33 SSL cases.46 The increase of this bacterial class is associated with impenetrable mucus layer in mice47 and may play a protective role in SSL development. However, in a study from Iran, researchers analyzed the changes of fecal microbiota in patients with different precursor lesions including serrated lesions (21 HP and 16 SSL cases) and failed to observe significant differences in the microbiota.48 Similarly, a Korean study did not identify significant microbiota changes in rectal mucosae from healthy controls and patients with conventional adenoma, SSL, and CRC, respectively.49 However, both studies were limited by their small sample size. Thus, further studies with more samples could provide insight into the metagenomic landscape of SSLs.
Association of the oral microbiome with the progression of impaired fasting glucose in a Chinese elderly population
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Rui-Rui Wang, Yue-Song Xu, Meng-Meng Ji, Li Zhang, Dong Li, Qing Lang, Lei Zhang, Guang Ji, Bao-Cheng Liu
LEfSe was applied to identify differential bacterial genera among the groups. The cladogram represented the significantly different taxa among the three groups with a hierarchy reflecting the taxonomic rank from phylum to genus (Figure 5(a)). The LDA effect size in Figure 5(b) represented the contribution in group discrimination. All the significantly enriched taxa (LDA score ≥2) were from the VH group, which is consistent with the whole oral microbiota structure as shown in Figure 3(a). Two orders, Erysipelotrichales and Bacillales and one class, Erysipelotrichi were significantly enriched in the VH group. Three families, including Leptotrichiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Staphylococcaceae were significantly enriched in the VH group. Four genera, including Leptotrichia, Bulleidia, Staphylococcus, and Catonella were significantly enriched in the VH group. These bacteria could be considered as potential hyperglycemia-associated taxa and may play an important role in the early diagnosis and adjuvant treatment of T2D.