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Viral Infections
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
The atypical variant, commonly caused by Coxsackievirus A6, is a more widespread eruption of HMFD with lesions located periorally and on the trunk as well as the more typical locations. Children with atopic dermatitis may develop vesicular eruptions in the areas of dermatitis, called eczema coxsackie (Figure 7.15). More severe variants of HMFD have been identified. Enterovirus 71 infection is associated with the central nervous system and cardiopulmonary complications.
Peptide Vaccine
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Joel Lim Whye Ern, Tan Shen Leng, Tee Yi Na, Palaniarajan Vijayaraj Kumar
The safety and efficacy of vaccines against infectious diseases largely depends on the quality of the vaccines. Unlike chemical drugs, vaccines are required to be stored and transported at recommended temperatures from the time of manufacture to the point of administration in order to maintain product quality. Improper vaccine storage and handling will lead to decline in a vaccine’s effectiveness and the ineffectiveness of a vaccine only becomes evident when the immunized personnel acquire the disease that the vaccine was designed to prevent. Thus, vaccine formulation plays a critical role in improving vaccine stability and provides an optimal efficacy and safety as there is a need to develop vaccines which are stable in a range of conditions. In a recent study, alumina-encapsulated vaccine formulation showed improved thermostability and immunogenicity in a live-attenuated strain of human enterovirus 71 (Bay et al. 1997). Oil-in-water emulsion MF59 adjuvant required a lower dose of antigen and is more potent for both antibody and T cell responses (O’Hagan 2007). VLP technology is one of the main focuses on developing new vaccines which offer potentially safer and cheaper vaccine candidates. Engineered VLPs are able to improve the stability of a vaccine and allow a longer shelf-life, enhance thermostability, and reduce cost in maintaining cold-chain during storage and transportation (Frietze, Peabody, and Chackerian 2016).
Severe Influenza Pneumonia and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
The season, whether spring or early fall, raises the likelihood of vector-borne infections such as West Nile virus (WNV). The neuroinvasive type of WNV disease displays fever and headache, meningitis, changes in consciousness, and flaccid limb paralysis (poliomyelitis-like syndrome) [38]. Herpes simplex encephalitis, the most frequent sporadic encephalitis, typically presents with acute onset fever, headache, acute confusional states, personality changes, and seizures, with characteristic electroencephalography lesions [38]. Depending on the geographical area, acute febrile encephalopathy can cause arboviruses (Japanese B encephalitis, La Crosse strain of California) or reovirus (Colorado tick fever virus). Cardinal prodromal symptoms of viral encephalitis are nausea, vomiting, fever, headache, and then confusion with disorientation [43]. Enterovirus 71, a brainstem encephalitis, is frequently accompanied by severe cardiorespiratory symptoms after a prodromal stage of fever, photophobia, vomiting, headache, and abdominal pain [44].
Quantification methods for viruses and virus-like particles applied in biopharmaceutical production processes
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Keven Lothert, Friederike Eilts, Michael W. Wolff
A main application field for virus detection and quantification by SPR is in clinical diagnostics [106]. Additionally, there are also examples in the field of process monitoring, from which some highlights are summarized hereafter. Nilsson et al. used a SPR biosensor with immobilized hemagglutinin proteins for the quantification of different Influenza A and B strains, yielding an improved precision and a reduced analysis time compared to the standard SRID assay (see section 2.2) [107]. Prabowo et al. showed the application of a portable SPR biosensor for the rapid quantification of the human enterovirus 71 by targeting its major capsid protein VP1 [108]. Remarkable here is the achieved sensitivity with detection limits as low as 67 viruses per ml. In addition to targeting whole virus particles, the direct quantification of viruses by the SPR detection of viral surface nucleo- and glycoproteins was recently described for (avian) influenza viruses [109,110] and for the monitoring of the amount of adenovirus particles [111].
No association between enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccination and risk of febrile seizures: a population-based near real-time surveillance study
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Yixin Sun, Liang Zhang, Ning Li, Houyu Zhao, Rui Ma, Ting Fang, Tianchi Yang, Guozhang Xu, Zhike Liu, Siyan Zhan
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease that has become a serious public health problem, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. Due to the lack of effective treatment for EV71 related diseases, vaccination is the best means of preventing and controlling these. Since 2016, vaccines against EV71 infection have been approved for use in China. Reports to the national passive surveillance system raised concerns about FS after EV71 vaccination. Therefore, rapid safety assessment of this novel vaccine is a public health priority. At present, near real-time sequential analyses using electronic health record databases have become increasingly prominent in several high-income countries. But similar active surveillance studies are scarce in low and middle-income countries including China, and so far, no study evaluates the association between EV71 vaccination and FS.
Enteroviruses and coronaviruses: similarities and therapeutic targets
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Varpu Marjomäki, Kerttu Kalander, Maarit Hellman, Perttu Permi
The enterovirus genus consists of 15 different species out of which four enterovirus species (EV-A, EV-B, EV-C and EV-D) and three rhinovirus (RV) species (RV-A, RV-B and RV-C) infect humans [6]. Human enterovirus species include over 100 serotypes of echoviruses, polioviruses, Coxsackieviruses and enteroviruses and over 100 serotypes of rhinovirus species, many of which have emerged during the last 10 years [7]. Although poliovirus has been almost eradicated from the world, several non-polioviruses are causing difficult epidemics all around the world, especially enterovirus-D68 belonging to EV-D group, and enterovirus-A71 belonging to EV-A group [8,9]. Enterovirus-A71 causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease and may lead to difficult neurological symptoms [9]. It has caused several difficult outbreaks especially in Asia. Infections by enterovirus-D68 have caused severe pneumonia and even deaths especially in the United States [8]. Human rhinoviruses are the primary causative agent of the common cold worldwide [10]. They cause mostly mild symptoms but can also cause muscle fatigue and headaches.