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Scientific Rationale for the Use of Single Herb Remedies in Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Ajayan, R. Ajith Kumar, Nirmal Narayanan
Daswani et al. (2011) studied the anti-diarrheal activity of the decoction of C. rotundus tubers using representative assays of diarrheal pathogenesis. Antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral activities were also studied. Effects on adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and invasion of enteroinvasive E. coli and Shigella flexneri to HEp-2 cells were evaluated to measure the effect on colonization. Effect on enterotoxins such as enterotoxigenic E. coli, heat-labile toxin, heat-stable toxin and cholera toxin was also assessed. The decoction showed antigiardial activity, reduced bacterial adherence to and invasion of HEp-2 cells and affected production of cholera toxin and action of heat-labile toxin. The decoction of C. rotundus seems to exert the anti-diarrheal action by mechanisms other than direct killing of the pathogen.
Rotavirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Lijuan Yuan, Tammy Bui, Ashwin Ramesh
Infection-related diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years of age, with estimated global mortalities of 526,000 in 2015.1 Among the many enteropathogens that cause diarrhea, rotavirus (RV), calicivirus, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli are the three most common etiological agents. RV infection accounts for 38.2% of all the diarrhea cases that require hospitalization and about 200,000 deaths each year worldwide2 Since the initial introduction of Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines in 2006, RV vaccine global coverage is still <25%. RV infection remains the most important cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children in the countries where RV vaccines have not been incorporated into the routine childhood immunization program.3
Peyer’s Patch Epithelium
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Gary R. Burleson, Florence G. Burleson
Cholera is an example where the cholera toxin is capable of killing epithelial cells, so that cell to cell junctions no longer maintain the integrity of the fluid barrier between lumen and lamina propria. Body fluid thus accumulates in the lumen and passes out through the intestine as a watery diarrhea, leading to rapid, dehydration and may even lead to death. Treatment with antibiotics and providing hydration therapy either with an intravenous plasma substitute or with a properly balanced solution of salt delivered orally. The cholera bacteria will clear and the epithelium will be replaced by stem cells dividing in the crypts. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella, rotaviruses, Vibrio cholera O1 and Shigella dysenteriae 1, salmonella typhi, Campylobacter jejuni, enteric adenoviruses and Entamoeba histolytica are among the most important pathogens from a public health point of view that cause intestinal disease (reviewed by Levine and Nataro, 1994).
EspH interacts with the host active Bcr related (ABR) protein to suppress RhoGTPases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Rachana Pattani Ramachandran, Ipsita Nandi, Nir Haritan, Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin, Yael Keren, Tsafi Danieli, Mario Lebendiker, Naomi Melamed-Book, William Breuer, Dana Reichmann, Benjamin Aroeti
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), one of the most important human diarrheagenic bacterial pathogens, infects people mainly in low and middle-income countries.1 In contrast, the closely related enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), which causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, is prevalent mainly in the industrial world.2,3Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium), a natural mouse pathogen that employs similar strategies of colonization and pathogenesis, serves as an in vivo model for studying EPEC and EHEC infection.4 Following attachment to the host cell surface, these pathogens utilize the type III secretion system (T3SS) to introduce bacterial proteins, termed ‘effector’ proteins, into the host cells.5,6 These effectors specifically target and manipulate host cell organelles and signaling pathways, leading to intimate binding of the bacteria to host enterocytes via the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion formation,7 modulation of host cell death pathways,4,8 and inhibition of host immune responses.9 Recent in vivo studies using the C. rodentium model have shown that effectors act as a multifunctional and interconnected network within the host cells. These characteristics are essential for inducing the diarrheal disease.10,11
Quantitative analysis and virulence phenotypes of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) acquired from diarrheal stool samples from a Midwest US hospital
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
MJ Carlino, SE Kralicek, SA Santiago, LM Sitaraman, AT Harrington, Gail A. Hecht
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) arediarrheagenic pathogens that induce characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on the surface of host enterocytes. EPEC are sub-classified as typical (tEPEC) or atypical EPEC (aEPEC) by the respective presence or absence of the E. coli adherence factor plasmid (pEAF), which harbors the gene encoding the major pilin (bfpA) of the bundle-forming pilus (BFP). BFP is a type IV pilus that mediates bacteria–bacteria interactions, promoting attachment of dense clusters of bacteria to host intestinal epithelial cells.1 These clusters are referred to as microcolonies that characterize the attachment pattern known as localized adherence (LA).2 BFP is also important for bringing tEPEC and host cells into close proximity via BFP retraction, thus increasing delivery of bacterial effector proteins into host cells.3 In the absence of bfpA, aEPEC are unable to form the LA pattern and virulence is highly variable.4
A case report of improvement on ADHD symptoms after fecal microbiota transplantation with gut microbiome profiling pre- and post-procedure
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Suet Li Hooi, Jacky Dwiyanto, Haikel Rasiti, Kai Yee Toh, Reuben Kong Min Wong, Jonathan Wei Jie Lee
A few months later, our patient was presented with acute severe diarrhea, and stool tests showed elevated Calprotectin and Gastrointestinal Polymerase Chain Reaction (GI-PCR) Panel revealed Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). She was treated with oral Ciprofloxacin and the diarrhea resolved, with a reversion to her baseline constipated state and levels of abdominal pain. She re-presented again three months later, again with acute severe diarrhea, and stool PCR tests revealed the presence of EPEC, and also the presence of C. difficile toxin. She was treated with metronidazole but developed significant side effects and was unable to complete the prescribed course of medication. She was then considered for an FMT.