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Entamoeba histolytica
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
William A. Petri, Jonathan I. Ravdin
Members of communal groups may also be at greater risk of infection (43, 44). Entamoeba histolytica infected 146 of 563 residents of a kibbutz in Israel, with the highest incidence in the 0-9-year-old age group (36%). The epidemic was linked to the poor personal hygiene of the food handlers and was controlled by chemotherapy and improved sanitation. Disease prevalence 5 years later, however, was back almost to pretreatment levels (43).
Nutritional Disorders/Alternative Medicine
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Food poisoning involves gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption of foods or drink, usually due to salmonella or an enterotoxin. Foods, water or milk can also be carriers for the enteric (intestinal) fevers—typhoid or paratyphoid—caused by Salmonella organisms. Bacillary dysentery (Shigella) and cholera (Vibrio cholerae) are other bacterial diseases spread through food or drinking water. Amebic dysentery, caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, is transmitted by water or uncooked foods contaminated with human feces. The term traveler's diarrhea refers to the gastrointestinal disorder that occurs from strains of enterobacteria to which immunities have not been developed.
Hepatic Abscess
Published in Stephen M. Cohn, Peter Rhee, 50 Landmark Papers, 2019
In much of the world, hepatic abscess is most commonly due to Entamoeba histolytica. An estimated 1%–5% of the 50 million people infected annually will develop amebic hepatic abscesses. Patients often have a history of travel to endemic areas but may not always have had colitis. The affected population is younger and more often male than patients with pyogenic abscess. In addition, the development of the hepatic abscess may be significantly delayed, in some cases for years. The primary treatment is medical (metronidazole) but it is estimated that up to 15% of patients will require intervention and that 20% may have simultaneous bacterial infection. Percutaneous needle aspiration is useful for sampling, but percutaneous drainage has greater overall success at resolution and should particularly be considered for large abscesses and those determined to be at risk for rupture (Lodhi et al., 2004; Cai et al., 2014).
The management of Babesia, amoeba and other zoonotic diseases provoked by protozoa
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Clemente Capasso, Claudiu T. Supuran
Entamoeba histolytica is a pseudopod-forming, non-flagellated protozoan parasite that can cause amebiasis when a person becomes infected with it [35]. Amebiasis is more prevalent in those countries with tropical and subtropical locations and poor sanitation (Africa, Mexico, parts of South America, and India), although everybody may be at risk [36,37]. When viewed through a microscope, certain parasites can appear strikingly similar to E. histolytica, making diagnosis rather challenging [35]. Amebiasis can cause no symptoms at all, or it can progress to a severe illness characterized by amebic colitis (inflammation of the colon) and amebic liver abscess [36]. In the developing world, where diarrhea is the third largest cause of mortality among children under the age of 5 (accounting for 9% of all fatalities in this age group), amebic colitis is one of the top 15 causes of diarrhea in the first two years of life [36,38]. Fulminant amebic colitis is the most severe and life-threatening complication of amebiasis, presenting with bloody diarrhea, fever, leukocytosis, and stomach pain. Necrosis, toxic megacolon, perforation, and peritonitis may also occur [39].
Diloxanide furoate binary complexes with β-, methyl-β-, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins: inclusion mode, characterization in solution and in solid state and in vitro dissolution studies
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Carolina Aloisio, Marcela Longhi
Phase solubility studies indicated the formation of 1:1 drug:CD complexes at low concentrations of ligand, and the highest stability constant and solubility enhancement was determined for the DF:MβCD system. NMR experiments demonstrated the inclusion of DF into the CD cavity of MβCD and HPβCD, and an exclusion complex with βCD. Also, the differences between the PM and the FDS FT IR and thermal analysis profiles suggested the formation of genuine inclusion complexes of DF with MβCD and HPβCD and an exclusion complex with βCD when they are prepared by means of lyophilization. It is worth highlighting that characterization studies that confirm the formation of a complex between DF and βCD, MβCD, or HPβCD have been poor so far with regard to DF:CD complexes. In this work the mode interactions of DF with βCD, MβCD, and HPβCD were successfully determined, and solid state characterization of DF:CD complexes was properly performed. Besides, in vitro dissolution studies, conducted in SGF followed by SIF, provided a comprehensive perspective of the dissolution behavior of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract. It was demonstrated that the complexation with βCD, MβCD, and HPβCD resulted in an increased dissolution rate of DF from the FDS, suggesting the formation of complexes with solubilities higher than the plain drug. This fact is substantially important to avoid the precipitation of DF in the intestinal lumen, since this is the site of infection of Entamoeba histolytica; full bioavailability of the drug is needed to achieve the therapeutic effectiveness.
Association of Helicobacter pylori and protozoal parasites in patients with chronic diarrhoea
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2018
J Yakoob, Z Abbas, R Khan, K Tariq, S Awan, MA Beg
In developing countries, co-infections with different pathogens are common, and are attributable the feco-oral transmission of bacterial and parasite pathogens brought about by the poor quality of the water consumed by the population at large living in unhygienic conditions, i.e. overcrowding, poor toilet facilities, and absence of quality health care [1]. The prevalence of intestinal parasites such as Blastocystis sp, Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba sp., etc. has been estimated as 53% in children residing in an urban slum of a metropolitan city of Karachi, Pakistan [2]. Symptoms of abdominal discomfort and or pain, nausea and irregular bowel habit such as diarrhoea are associated with Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis sp and G. duodenalis infection. Amoebiasis is a faecal-oral route transmitted infection with the amoebas of the Entamoeba group. The symptoms of amoebiasis vary in severity from mild to severe and include loose stools, abdominal cramping, and abdominal pain. These are usually associated with infection by E. histolytica, but there are also reports of Entamoeba moshkovskii infection [3,4]. Microscopically, E. moshkovskii, Entamoeba dispar and E. histolytica are indistinguishable and require PCR test using specific primers for differentiation.