China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
A brief history of pandemics
Published in Edward M. Rafalski, Ross M. Mullner, Healthcare Analytics, 2022
The third major mode of transmission, oral ingestion from a common source, is best exemplified by the cholera pandemics of the 19th century (Table 2.1). Cholera, a disease characterized by acute watery diarrhea, is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It had been endemic for centuries in the Ganges basin of India, but first spread globally beginning in 1817 through Asia, and thence into India, Russia, Europe, and the Americas. Six subsequent pandemics occurred over the next 130 years, and it continues to cause epidemics worldwide affecting millions annually [9]. The third cholera pandemic is best known for the observations of the epidemiologist John Snow in England, who demonstrated the waterborne nature of the illness by removing the pump handle on a well in one district, and comparing disease there to other city districts. The current strain causing epidemics, known as the “El Tor biotype,” first arose in “quarantine stations” in El Tor, Egypt where travelers back from Mecca after attending the Hajj were kept in squalid conditions for weeks or months prior to being allowed into European countries [9].
Trimethoprim and Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jason A. Trubiano, M. Lindsay Grayson
Aeromonas species and Plesiomonas shigelloides are usually susceptible to TMP and CoT (Reinhardt and George, 1985; Kuijper et al., 1989; Burgos et al., 1990; Koehler and Ashdown, 1993; Stock and Wiedermann, 2001; Sader and Jones, 2005; Penders and Stobberingh, 2008; Puah et al., 2013). However, susceptibility to TMP and CoT may be overestimated using disk diffusion susceptibility techniques compared with agar dilution when assessing Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, and A. caviae (Koehler and Ashdown, 1993). Vibrio cholerae, both classic and El Tor biotypes, is generally susceptible (Northrup et al., 1972; Yamamoto et al., 1995), but resistant strains are well documented. By contrast, halophilic Vibrio species, such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and related species, are almost always susceptible to CoT (Ottaviani et al., 2001; Zanetti et al., 2001).
Public health and the clash of cultures
Published in Milton J. Lewis, Kerrie L. MacPherson, Public Health in Asia and the Pacific, 2007
There are chilling similarities between the El Tor epidemic of the 1960s and the Asiatic cholera of the early 1900s. First, the El Tor vibrio is so similar to the Asiatic cholera strain that it takes detailed serological tests to differentiate them. Second, public health measures invoked by the Health Department were similar to those of the early 1900s. Manila Mayor, Antonio Villegas, wanted to follow the American example by lobbying to lift the injunctions against the demolition of squatter shacks, especially those in Tondo. Unless this was done, the Mayor said, cholera would strike again and again. The notorious area of Tondo has been labelled by health authorities as a reservoir of infection. The slum dwellers were castigated for their hostility and complacency (Nollido 1964: 5, 92–93).
MlrA, a MerR family regulator in Vibrio cholerae, senses the anaerobic signal in the small intestine of the host to promote bacterial intestinal colonization
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Jialin Wu, Yutao Liu, Wendi Li, Fan Li, Ruiying Liu, Hao Sun, Jingliang Qin, Xiaohui Feng, Di Huang, Bin Liu
Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table S2 and S3. Briefly V. cholerae O1 El Tor strain El2382, isolated in 1994, was provided by Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Escherichia coli BL21-DE3 cells were used as recombinant protein expression hosts. The E. coli S17/λpir strain was used for conjugation. The bacterial strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth or AKI medium (1.5% Bacto Peptone, 0.4% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl, and 0.3% NaHCO3).52 For aerobic condition, bacteria were grown at 37°C with shaking at 180 rpm.53 For anaerobic condition, bacteria were grown at 37°C in an anaerobic incubator (YQX-II, Shanghai, China) and oxygen-free nitrogen was used as the carrier gas.54 Antibiotics were used as following concentrations: polymyxin B, 40 μg/mL; ampicillin, 50 μg/mL; chloramphenicol, 25 μg/mL.
Update on CVD 103-HgR single-dose, live oral cholera vaccine
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
James McCarty, Lisa Bedell, Paul-Andre De Lame, David Cassie, Michael Lock, Sean Bennett, Douglas Haney
There are more than 200 serogroups of V. cholerae but only two, O1 and O139, secrete cholera toxin and cause disease [1,3]. The serogroup O1 is subdivided into classical and El Tor biotypes, both of which can be further divided into two cross-reacting serotypes, Ogawa and Inaba. El Tor (O1 serogroup) currently accounts for almost all worldwide cases of cholera, whereas serogroup O139 is rarely isolated. The cholera toxin produced during infection consists of one toxin A subunit and five toxin B subunits. The B subunits mediate binding and uptake of the toxin into intestinal epithelial cells [1]. Once endocytosed, the A and B subunits dissociate, and the A subunit activates adenylate cyclase, which increases intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This results in reduced sodium absorption, increased chloride secretion, and a net flow of water, potassium, and bicarbonate into the bowel lumen [1,5].
Tryptanthrin, a potential biofilm inhibitor against toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, modulating the global quorum sensing regulator, LuxO
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Lekshmi Narendrakumar, Mary Theresa, Sivakumar Krishnankutty Chandrika, Sabu Thomas
The V. cholerae strains used in this study are the classical (569B and L362), El Tor (N16961 and Y1286), the El Tor variant (T-00 and MCV09, a multidrug resistant clinical strain isolated during a cholera outbreak in India) and the Haitian variant strains (W4-13 and MAL-15). The strains were revived on Thiosulphate Citrate Bile salt agar (TCBS) (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) and a single isolated colony from TCBS was sub-cultured onto Luria Bertani (LB) (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) agar containing 0.5% NaCl supplement to obtain a pure culture. The growth curves of all the strains were analyzed in LB medium and for all the experiments, the culture turbidity was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland units as per the national committee for clinical laboratory standards guidelines (Chun et al. 1999).