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Insecticides
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Gamma (γ)-benzene hexachloride (lindane; Figure 28.3), however, is currently used as a pediculocide, scabicide, and ectoparasiticide. It is available as a shampoo and lotion for the topical treatment of conditions due to itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), lice (Pediculus humanus sp.), and tick (dog and deer tick) infestations in humans and animals. The preparation is applied once for several minutes as a 1% lotion or shampoo, after which it is rinsed off. One reapplication may be required to eliminate the parasites.
Agricultural Chemicals
Published in Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach, Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Vincent Cunanan, Christopher J. Dannaker, Howard I. Maibach
Thiuram is a sulfur-containing ectoparasiticide. It is used to protect seeds and crops from damage caused by animals by acting as a deterrent or by fungal diseases by acting as a fungicide.[17] Spiewak described a patient who developed erythematous skin reactions to seed protectants containing up to 32% thiuram. Biopsy of forearm skin showed infiltration of granulocytes into the dermal papilla. Granulocytes, specifically basophils, are thought to be involved in the mechanism behind contact urticaria. The proposed pathomechanism will be discussed later in this chapter.
Exposure to emamectin benzoate confers cytotoxic effects on human molt-4 T-cells and possible ameliorative role of vitamin E and dithiothreitol
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Yongjun Chen, Xuefeng Liu, Dongmei Yan, Jialin Xu, Shaorong Luan, Ciying Xiao, Qingchun Huang
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is the 4′-deoxy-4′-epi-methyl-amino benzoate salt of avermectin B1. EMB possesses broad spectrum activity against variety of pests, and is globally used as an insecticide or an ectoparasiticide (Stone et al.2000, Ishaaya et al.2002). The mechanism of action of EMB is to stimulate high-affinity γ-amino butyric acid receptors, resulting in an increase in membrane permeability to chloride ions (Lumaret et al.2012). Animal studies show that EMB is relatively safe for mammals because of its lower affinity with the mammalian GABA receptor and its relative impermeability across the blood-brain barrier (Sung et al.2009). However, recent studies have demonstrated that sub-chronic exposure to EMB leads to hematological alterations, suppression of humoral immunity through IgG and IgM, and elevation of TNF-α elevation in rats, leading to a significant increase in hepatic biomarkers and neurotoxic effects in rat offspring (Wrzesinski et al.1997, El-Sheikh and Galal 2015, Oularbi et al.2017). Clinically, acute poisoning with EMB resulted in coma, myoclonus, and polyneuropathy (Yen and Lin 2004).
Tefluthrin: metabolism, food residues, toxicity, and mechanisms of action
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Xiaohui Wang, Houpeng Li, Simeng Wang, María-Aránzazu Martínez, Irma Ares, Marta Martínez, María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga, Xu Wang, Arturo Anadón, Jorge-Enrique Maximiliano
Synthetic pyrethroids are a group of man-made insecticides developed from the naturally occurring pyrethrins commonly derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. They are mainly ectoparasiticides used as insecticides to treat pets and other animals with infestations of fleas, lice, ticks, and mites. Pyrethroids can be divided into two groups according to their chemical structures: Type I pyrethroids lack a cyano moiety at the α-position (e.g. permethrin) (ATSDR 2003; Wang, Martínez, Dai et al. 2016a), while Type II pyrethroids have a α-cyano moiety (e.g. deltamethrin) (Ray and Fry 2006). Based on the clinical signs observed in animals exposed to acute toxic doses, Type I pyrethroids cause hyperexcitation, ataxia, tremor, and paralysis, while Type II pyrethroids cause hypersensitivity, salivation, and choreoathetosis (Anadón et al. 2009, 2013).
Effect of deltamethrin and fluoride co-exposure on the brain antioxidant status and cholinesterase activity in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Adil Mehraj Khan, Rajinder Raina, Nitin Dubey, Pawan Kumar Verma
Deltamethrin, a type II pyrethroid, is extensively used as an ectoparasiticide on animals and as an insecticide in agriculture and public health programs. Pyrethroid exposure has been reported to generate reactive oxygen species and the consequent oxidative stress in various tissues (Dubey et al.2012, 2013, Dar et al.2015, Fetoui et al.2015). Fluoride (F−) is an essential trace element within recommended levels. World Health Organization recommends a guideline maximum F− value of 1.5 mg/L as a level of minimal fluorosis (Dubey et al.2013). In the endemic fluorosis areas of Central Asia and India, water may contain F− levels up to 20 mg/L (Merian et al.2004). F− can cross cell membranes and affect various soft tissues leading to impairment of tissue functions (Kant et al.2010). Oxidative stress has been speculated to play an important role in the toxic effects of F− (Zabulyte et al.2007, Khan et al.2013a).