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Inherited Defects in Immune Defenses Leading to Pulmonary Disease
Published in Stephen D. Litwin, Genetic Determinants of Pulmonary Disease, 2020
Children with Ig deficiency may have a propensity to develop echovirus meningoencephalitis and slow virus infections [57,58]. Rosen et al. report echovirus 12 and 9 were cultured from several organs of youngsters with a fatal dermatornyositis [57,58].
Diagnostic Approach to Fulminant Hepatitis in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Echovirus is an RNA virus that belongs to the genus Enterovirus and is transmitted fecal-orally. It is the leading cause of acute febrile illness and the most common cause of aseptic meningitis in infants and young children. The ALF and systemic infection caused by echovirus-18 have been reported in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient and are associated with fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Laboratory abnormalities include elevated AST and ALT levels 10 times above the upper limit of normal, hyperbilirubinemia, elevated ALP, and thrombocytopenia. Detection can be made via a reverse transcriptase-seminested PCR (RT-snPCR) assay in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and liver biopsy specimen and is currently the gold standard for diagnosis. Viral culture is proven to be useful; however, diagnosis can be delayed. Treatment with plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and antiviral agents have been attempted with variable success [42].
Primary immunodeficiency diseases
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
John W. Sleasman, Gabriel Virella
Humoral immunodeficiencies are defects resulting from abnormal antibody production or function. As a group, they represent the most common clinically significant immune disorders. The clinical manifestations are summarized in Table 29.3. The predominant clinical signs of defective antibody production are recurrent sinopulmonary infections with encapsulated bacterial pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other common clinical signs include polyarticular arthritis, recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis. Systemic bacterial infections such as pneumonia, empyema, meningitis, and septicemia are frequent and can be prevented with effective immune prophylaxis with human gammaglobulin. Recurrent pneumonia can lead to chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchiectasis. Chronic diarrhea and malabsorption caused by infection with Giardia lamblia are frequent, as is infectious arthritis of the large joints that develops in association with infection by pyogenic bacteria or Ureaplasma urealyticum. Patients are also at risk of developing chronic viral meningoencephalitis and other clinical manifestations of systemic infection by echovirus, particularly ECHO 11.
Novel strategies for the development of hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccines and antiviral therapies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
In addition to the EV-A71-associated epidemics, coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is also a major etiologic agent for HFMD and these two viruses are the most common enteroviruses that cause HFMD. Furthermore, CV-A6 and CV-A10 had been shown to circulate in the outbreak of recent HFMD cases. Based on epidemiology reports, EV-A71, coxsackieviruses group A and B, and echoviruses have been commonly presented in current HFMD outbreaks, whereas enterovirus A is responsible for 90% of HFMD cases [7]. Other enteroviruses, including CV-B3, CV-B5, Echovirus-4, Echovirus-6 and Echovirus-30, have also been reported to be detected in a few epidemics, but the disease burden is tolerable at present [4,8]. Currently, the epidemiology surveillance program in Asia has shown that CV-A16, EV-A71, CV-A10, and CV-A6 are the most common enteroviruses causing HFMD in children [7,9,10].
COVID-19 during Pregnancy and Postpartum:
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Sreus A. G. Naidu, Roger A. Clemens, Peter Pressman, Mehreen Zaigham, Kelvin J. A. Davies, A. Satyanarayan Naidu
The nuclear localization and endosomal activity of LF in different epithelial human cells suggests that this iron-binding protein exerts its antiviral effect not only in the early phase of viral interaction with the host cell target sites, but also in limiting the intracellular propagation of the viral pathogen through modulation of immune cell cascade. LF protects the host cell by impeding the virus-induced apoptosis. For example, when the Echovirus enters a susceptible cell by endocytic pathway, treatment with exogenous LF effectively intercepts the delivery of viral genome into the cytoplasm (Ammendolia, Marchetti et al. 2007). LF binding to viral capsid proteins induce structural alterations and increase viral susceptibility to host defense. Inhibition of Echovirus infectivity by LF is dependent on its interaction not only with the cell surface GAG chains but also with the viral structural proteins that facilitate cellular entry process (Ammendolia, Pietrantoni, et al. 2007).
COVID-2019 Associated with Acquired Monocular Blindness
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Ling Liu, Danrui Cai, Xin Huang, Yin Shen
It was noted that the patient in this report also presented symptoms of uveitis and secondary glaucoma. Echovirus serotypes EV11 and EV19 were reported to be responsible for outbreaks of enterovirus uveitis.13 A recent study observed panuveitis and optic neuritis in COVID-19 infections,14 which is consistent with our observations. We consider it likely that the COVID-19 virus also induced an intraocular autoimmune response. Additionally, we observed that the patient in this study gradually developed a complicated cataract of the left eye during the course of the COVID-19 infection. A complicated cataract and secondary glaucoma are common complications of anterior uveitis.15 The hypothesis for causes of complicated cataract includes alterations in the aqueous solution due to chronic inflammation and its effects on lens metabolism. Patients with high viral loads are more likely to develop severe eye problems. The extraordinarily long course of the COVID-19 infection in this patient was an integral reason for the eye abnormalities.