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Gnathostoma
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
O. Sanpool, P.M. Intapan, David Blair, Yukifumi Nawa, W. Maleewong
Clinical manifestations are divided into two major disease categories, cutaneous larva migrans and visceral larva migrans. Migration into the subcutaneous tissues results in intermittent painful and pruritic migratory swelling. Migration into visceral organs (visceral larva migrans) often causes eosinophilic abscess.132 Migration into the eyes (intraocular) and the CNS13 often causes substantial damage. Clinical features of skin lesions caused by G. binucleatum infection in Mexico and Ecuador are basically the same as those caused by G. spinigerum infection in Asia; intermittent migratory swellings appear on peripheral parts of the body and persist over years.3 In contrast, patients infected with G. hispidum, G. doloresi, and G. nipponicum mostly show intermittent serpiginous eruptions on the skin (creeping diseases), principally on the abdomen or back, which persist for not longer than 2 months even without treatment.4,82 A hemorrhagic zone or a pigmented plaque remains in the area, but tends to vanish in 2–5 weeks, after inflammation has faded away.4,15 Creeping lesions seen in gnathostomiasis are often misdiagnosed as cutaneous larva migrans caused by other helminthic infections, such as Ancylostoma caninum, human hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, etc.31,82,141
Bacterial and parasitic infections
Published in Aimilios Lallas, Enzo Errichetti, Dimitrios Ioannides, Dermoscopy in General Dermatology, 2018
Ignacio Gómez Martín, Balachandra Suryakant Ankad, Enzo Errichetti, Aimilios Lallas, Dimitrios Ioannides, Pedro Zaballos
Cutaneous larva migrans (also known as creeping eruption) is caused by the larvae of hookworms (helminths) that infect domestic dogs and cats (Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, and Uncinaria stenocephala).46 It has a worldwide distribution, although it is most commonly found in warm climates and tropical areas.46 It is acquired by direct contact with soil or sand contaminated with dog or cat feces containing the larvae.46
Albendazole
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
This clinical syndrome covers infection of the subdermal tissues with the larvae of animal hookworms, most notably Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, and Uncinaria stenocephala. Although the condition is fairly common in tropical countries and in returning tourists, the infecting species is rarely identified. Albendazole has been shown to be effective in eliminating the infection following oral dosing with 400 mg as a single dose for 3–5 days (Jones et al., 1990; Marangi et al., 1990; Orihuela and Torres, 1990; Davies et al., 1993). Some authors suggest that even a single dose may be effective (Torres et al., 1989), whereas others report that a longer course of treatment (400 mg daily for 7 days) is necessary in complicated and more extensive cases (Veraldi and Rizzitelli, 1999; Veraldi et al., (2012). A comparative study by Caumes et al. (1993) of single-dose albendazole versus ivermectin suggested that ivermectin was much more effective. Symptoms resembling cutaneous larva migrans may also occur in hookworm (Necator and Ancylostoma) and in strongyloidiasis when larvae penetrate skin (ground itch). Cline et al. (1984) demonstrated that albendazole shows efficacy against migrating larvae of Necator americanus.
Current pharmacotherapeutic strategies for Strongyloidiasis and the complications in its treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Dora Buonfrate, Paola Rodari, Beatrice Barda, Wendy Page, Lloyd Einsiedel, Matthew R. Watts
Overall, two systematic reviews tried to answer the question of safety of ivermectin in children. In 2018, Wilkins et al [43]. retrieved 8 studies (1 RCT, 2 cohort studies, 3 case series and 3 case reports) in which ivermectin was administered to small children at the dosage of 150–200 µg/kg to treat various diseases (i.e. scabies, cutaneous larva migrans, and strongyloidiasis). Specifying the low quality of data due to the limited available literature, the authors suggested that ivermectin was well tolerated and no serious or long-term adverse effects was demonstrated in children. In 2021, Jittamala et al. [44] updated the research and added analyses of individual-level patient data. The authors found that ivermectin was administered to 1,088 children, with a median age of 36 months and median weight 13.0 kg. A notably high proportion of children (82.8%) received two doses of ivermectin. In total, 15 children reported 18 adverse events (specifically, diarrhea, eczema, headache, pruritus and vomiting), none of which was deemed severe. Notwithstanding the limited published data, ivermectin is routinely used for children weighing 10–15 kg with strongyloidiasis in some Australian health services [45].
Efflux pump inhibitors as a promising adjunct therapy against drug resistant tuberculosis: a new strategy to revisit mycobacterial targets and repurpose old drugs
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Liliana Rodrigues, Pedro Cravo, Miguel Viveiros
Thiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide mostly used for the treatment of strongyloidiasis, cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, and trichinosis. Thiabendazole is a known inhibitor of tubulin polymerization. It selectively binds to nematode ß-tubulin, inhibiting polymerization, thus preventing the formation of microtubules and preventing cell division [127,128]. Thiabendazole has also been shown to inhibit the helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase [129]. Previous studies examined the effect of thiabendazole in M. tuberculosis and demonstrated that this drug prevented FtsZ polymerization, causing septum formation inhibition and, thus, abolishing cell division [130,131]. Our strategy identified a probable succinate dehydrogenase (Rv0248c) and a probable fumarate reductase (Rv1552) as potential targets of thiabendazole in M. tuberculosis. These enzymes are involved in interconversion of fumarate and succinate in aerobic respiration. Experimental studies are now needed in order to determine if these proteins are indeed targets of thiabendazole.
Ivermectin: a pathway out of the pandemic or another dead end?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Daniel Echeverría-Esnal, Santiago Grau
Ivermectin, a derivative of avermectin, was discovered in a soil sample taken from a golf course in Japan in the 1970’s [1]. Since then, it marked a milestone in the treatment of onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, scabies, strongyloidiasis or cutaneous larva migrans [1]. As an anthelminthic, it acts by activating glutamate-gated chloride channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and muscle paralysis [1].