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Viral Infections
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Laboratory studies: The diagnosis is made clinically. PCR or viral cultures can be used from vesicle samples if the diagnosis needs to be confirmed for atypical cases. Serologic testing is not of much utility due to multiple serotypes of coxsackievirus. A skin biopsy is usually not needed, but the histopathology would show epidermal necrosis and intraepidermal blisters with no inclusion bodies or multinucleated giant cells.
Congestive Heart Failure
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
If a patient has chest pain or acute symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy, serum cardiac biomarkers are measured. Elevation of troponin is common along with HF, primarily with decreased kidney function. When HF exists, serum natriuretic peptides are usually elevated. If there is no obvious cause, iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin, fasting blood glucose, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are assessed. For some cases, serologic tests are performed to check for coxsackievirus, echovirus, HIV, Toxoplasma, and T. cruzi. A chest X-ray will show cardiomegaly that commonly affects all heart chambers. Right-sided pleural effusion is more common than on the left side, and is often present with interstitial edema and increased pulmonary venous pressure.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The viruses of the coxsackie group are capable of causing upper respiratory disease, aseptic meningitis, herpangina, and myocarditis in infants. The human incidence of these infections is relatively low, however, so the coxsackieviruses are not often considered primary antiviral targets, although programs utilizing one or more of the viruses of this group have been described [129–133]. No compounds have yet been found that are clinically effective against the coxsackievirus diseases.
Unilateral Acute Idiopathic Maculopathy Associated with Streptococcal Pharyngitis, A Case Report
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Clare L. Shute, Usha Chakravarthy, Clara E. McAvoy
UAIM was first formally recognized in 1991, and since then, research has reported a broadening spectrum of disease.1 Etiology is still not fully understood but increasing reports have established a potential connection with viral infection including the coxsackievirus.2,5,6 One recent case report by Dompieri et al. has linked UAIM to yellow fever but, to our knowledge, no report has associated UAIM with streptococcal infection.7 ASOT and ADB antibodies are the most common serological tests used in practice for GAS.10,11 ADB antibodies are more specific for GAS infection than ASOT so when used together they provide a more robust serological diagnosis of recent GAS and improve its sensitivity.10 ASOT levels typically increase within 7–10 days of acute infection with peak response 2–3 weeks after and a plateau for 3–6 months which we saw in this patient.10,11 ADB antibodies rise around 2 weeks following infection and peak at 6–8 weeks.10 A number of immune-mediated complications in relation to streptococcal infection have been well documented in the literature including rheumatic fever, erythema nodosum, reactive arthritis, and glomerulonephritis.8,9 Post-streptococcal uveitis is also known to be an auto-immune condition related to acute streptococcal infection with anterior, intermediate, and pan-uveitis all reported in the literature.8,9,13 To date, an inflammatory maculopathy has not been reported on this spectrum.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus A10: more serious than it seems
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Lianlian Bian, Fan Gao, Qunying Mao, Shiyang Sun, Xing Wu, Siyuan Liu, Xiaoming Yang, Zhenglun Liang
As a causal agent of HFMD, CV-A10 deserves more attention. In the 1950s, there was an outbreak of a central nervous system disease in Coxsackie, New York, USA, and a series of coxsackieviruses were isolated and named, including CV-A10 [9]. Animal assays and physical and chemical analyses were conducted, and CV-A10 was the first coxsackievirus to be purified and crystallized, and the crystal was analyzed in 1956 [10]. However, few studies on CV-A10 were carried out in the past few decades, until CV-A10-associated HFMD began to circulate worldwide. CV-A10 infection not only can cause HFMD and HA outbreaks, it is also related to severe nervous system diseases, such as aseptic meningitis and viral meningitis. Epidemics of CV-A10 pose a threat for infants and young children [11,12]. However, there are currently no preventive vaccines against CV-A10 and no specific therapeutic drugs for CV-A10-associated diseases. In this review, the genetic characteristics of CV-A10 strains were analyzed, and studies on diagnostic method, epidemiology, molecular epidemiology, seroepidemiology, animal models of CV-A10, and vaccines and antiviral strategies against the virus are summarized with the aim to improve our understanding of this risky pathogen.
Recent development of enterovirus A vaccine candidates for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
As mentioned earlier, other HFMD-related enterovirus serotypes, such as CV-B3, Echovirus-4 and Echovirus-6, may also cause severe complications; however, the disease burden is currently tolerable [18]. The clinical manifestations caused by coxsackieviruses group B virus infections include HFMD, respiratory, and gastrointestinal symptoms, while viral myocarditis, encephalitis, and hepatitis are the severe diseases caused [84]. CV-B3 is the main pathogen causing viral myocarditis [84]; therefore, several attenuated CV-B3 vaccine candidates have been developed with the primary intention of preventing viral myocarditis and encephalitis [85–87]. Although these vaccines have shown protective effects against myocarditis in mice, their lack of commercial interest has hampered further development of CV-B3 vaccines [4,5]. Nevertheless, the development of CV-B3 vaccines can provide information for the future expansion of multivalent HFMD vaccines if CV-B becomes a significant etiological agent of HFMD in the future.