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Aquatic Plants Native to America
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Bianca D. Fibrich, Jacqueline Maphutha, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Danielle Twilley, Khan-Van Ho, Chung-Ho Lin, Leszek P. Vincent, T. N. Shilpa, N. P. Deepika, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
Bushmann and Ailstock prepared a methanolic extract from R. maritima and tested it for antibacterial activity against M. luteus, S. pyogenes, Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis, S. aureus, Micrococcus roseus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, S. faecalis, Aerococcus viridans, Listonella anguillarum, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, where ZOI ranging between 1 and 9 mm were noted. No inhibition was noted against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, E. coli, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, and Y. ruckeri (Bushmann and Ailstock 2006).
Maternal ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection due to Corynebacterium xerosis following caesarean section
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Meryem Hocaoğlu, Abdulkadir Turgut, Emin Mehmet Eminoğlu, Fatma Yılmaz Karadağ, Ateş Karateke
Corynebacterium xerosis is recognised as a member of the normal flora of the skin and nasopharynx. However, physicians should be aware that C. xerosis may also cause infections. Its isolation should not be regarded as a skin contamination, particularly in the post-surgical patients with implants and in those who are immunocompromised (Gaskin et al. 1994). Shunt infections most frequently develop via colonisation of the shunt with skin flora (Sorar et al. 2014). The retrograde infection from the distal end of the shunt can lead to the distal catheter contamination in patients with VP shunts. In addition, certain populations of patients with CSF shunts, such as those with myelomeningocele, may have undergone multiple intra-abdominal procedures related to either the bowel or the bladder continence and may be at greater risk for shunt infection via this route (Tunkel et al. 2017). Gaskin et al. reported a neonate who developed VP shunt infection with ventriculitis and responded well to vancomycin (Gaskin et al. 1994). Arisoy et al. presented the case of a 5-month old infant with a VP shunt infection caused by C. xerosis with CNS involvement, who was treated successfully with vancomycin and amikacin (Arisoy et al. 1993). In the current patient, CSF analysis revealed low leukocyte counts and the blood and CSF cultures were negative while the culture of the distal shunt tip produced C. xerosis. Unlike the two previously reported cases, the current patient had no CNS involvement, probably because she was admitted to the hospital in the initial period of infection. Although CSF cultures are the most important test for establishing the diagnosis of CSF shunt infections, they can be negative despite an infected shunt device. Therefore, a shunt malfunction can still be due to its infection despite a negative CSF culture (Vanaclocha et al. 1996; Tunkel et al. 2017). It is conceivable that the early diagnosis and the prompt removal of the infected shunt in addition to the empirical antibiotic therapy avoided ventriculitis or meningitis.
Assessment of efficacy of topical azithromycin 1.5 per cent ophthalmic solution for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2018
Several studies have explored the efficacy of azithromycin in posterior blepharitis. In a study by Luchs,2008 21 patients with posterior blepharitis were treated with topical azithromycin ophthalmic solution one per cent plus warm compresses twice a day for two days, then once daily for 12 days or warm compresses alone. At the end of treatment, patients using azithromycin demonstrated significantly greater improvements from baseline in meibomian gland plugging, redness of the eyelid margins and quality of meibomian gland secretions compared to the patients using warm compresses alone (all comparisons, p < 0.001). Evaluations of lid debris and lid swelling showed greater numerical improvement in the azithromycin group but did not achieve statistical significance. Similarly in a study by Haque and colleagues,2010 patients with moderate‐to‐severe anterior and posterior blepharitis were treated with azithromycin ophthalmic solution one per cent twice a day for two days, then once daily for a total treatment duration of 28 days. At the end of treatment, significant (p < 0.001) decreases from baseline were noted in all subject‐rated symptoms (eyelid itching, foreign body sensation/sandiness/grittiness, ocular dryness, ocular burning/pain and swollen/heavy eyelids). All improvements persisted for four weeks post‐treatment. Additionally, eyelid margin culture showed significant decreases in the most commonly isolated organisms, including coagulase‐negative staphylococci (p = 0.037) and Corynebacterium xerosis bacteria (p < 0.001). In another study by Foulks and colleagues,2010 the patients were treated with azithromycin ophthalmic solution one per cent one drop twice a day for two days, then once daily for a total treatment duration of four weeks. The authors achieved significant improvements in subject‐rated symptoms from baseline (p < 0.001), as well as improvements in signs of eyelid margin disease. In an open‐label study, Opitz and Tyler2011 treated 33 patients with posterior blepharitis with azithromycin ophthalmic solution one per cent twice a day for two days, then every evening for a total of 30 days. There were significant improvements from baseline in TFBUT, Schirmer test value and reductions in ocular surface staining, as well as improvements in lid margin scores, patient‐rated symptom scores and ocular surface disease index scores. A recent study by Fadlallah and colleagues2012 found that treatment with azithromycin ophthalmic solution 1.5 per cent is an effective treatment option in chronic blepharitis. The authors demonstrated that twice daily for three days then once daily for a total of 30 days was more effective in improving eyelid redness/swelling and meibomian gland secretions than treatment administered twice a day for three days with moderate‐to‐severe chronic blepharitis.