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Ciprofloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jason Kwong, M. Lindsay Grayson
Paradoxically, several small studies have suggested enhanced antifungal activity is achieved by combining ciprofloxacin or other quinolones with antifungal agents in vitro, and in animal models against several fungal pathogens, including Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum (particularly yeast forms), Coccidioides posadasii, and Aspergillus fumigatus (Brilhante et al., 2013; Deren et al., 2010; Nakajima et al., 1995; Sasaki et al., 2000; Shen et al., 1992; Sugar et al., 1997). The clinical relevance of these interactions is unknown.
Molecular Mycology and Emerging Fungal Pathogens
Published in Johan A. Maertens, Kieren A. Marr, Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 2007
Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of fungal genes has revealed that some species can be divided into several distinct groups that are not apparent from conventional phenotypic classification schemes. For instance, the single species C. immitis has been considered the cause of coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central and South America. Phylogenetic analysis of several genes in C. immitis and typing of strains by PCR amplification of microsatellite loci show there are two genetically isolated populations of Coccidioides with different geographic ranges (40,41). One group is found in California and has been designated C. immitis. The second group is found outside of California and has now been designated Coccidioides posadasii, in honor of Alejandro Posadas who first described coccidioidomycosis in an Argentinean patient. Although C. immitis and C. posadasii are phylogenetically deeply divergent, the only phenotypic trait distinguishing these species is a trend for C. posadasii to grow more slowly on high salt media, and this trait is not very robust or reliable. Human disease produced by these two phylotypes is indistinguishable. The sister taxon to Coccidioides based on phylogenetic analysis of several genes is Uncinocarpus reesii, a saprobe found in soil that produces arthroconidia like C. immitis (42).
Endemic mycoses: epidemiology and diagnostic strategies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Andrés Tirado-Sánchez, Gloria M. González, Alexandro Bonifaz
CDM (San Joaquin Valley fever) is caused by two cryptic and dimorphic fungi: Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. The first one is found in the Central Valley of California (San Joaquin Valley), but has now been found as far north as east of Washington, where is an emerging infection. C.immitis isolates form a distinctive clade in the phylogenetic tree in this region [67]. C. posadasii, is often found in Arizona, Texas, Utah, Mexico, and Central and South America [68]. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis seems to be increasing nationwide during the last decades, both in regions considered endemic and non-endemic [69], and a total of 95,317 cases were reported between 2011 and 2017 [68,70]. There are three endemic areas in Mexico: the northern zone (which borders the United States and includes Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas); Pacific littoral zone (which extends southeast from the north to Michoacán), and the central area (from the northeast border of Coahuila and ends at the edge with Michoacán), although the distribution of cases may be higher since coccidioidomycosis is not a reportable disease in Mexico [67].
Advances in the diagnosis of fungal pneumonias
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Bryan T. Kelly, Kelly M. Pennington, Andrew H. Limper
Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by the endemic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii primarily found in the southwest region of the United States and northwestern Mexico [6]. Pulmonary infection is often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic presenting similar to community-acquired pneumonia. A small number of patients may develop more severe disseminated infection. Patients at increased risk for disseminated infection include immunocompromised patients, pregnant patients, and those of Filipino and African descent, though reasons behind increased dissemination on a racial basis remain unclear [6].
Endemic pulmonary fungal diseases in immunocompetent patients: an emphasis on thoracic imaging
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2019
Ana Luiza Di Mango, Gláucia Zanetti, Diana Penha, Miriam Menna Barreto, Edson Marchiori
Coccidioidomycosis, a reemerging infectious disease caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, is endemic in the southwest United States, Mexico, Central America and in some countries of South America such as Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis continues to increase due to the influx of people to endemic areas and the growing number of immunosuppressed patients [23–26].