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Aetiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
Candida tropicalis is a major cause of septicaemia and disseminated candidiasis, especially in patients with lymphoma, leukaemia and diabetes. It is the second most frequently encountered medical pathogen, next to C. albicans, and is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora. Environmental isolations have been made from faeces, shrimp, kefir and soil.
Antifungal Drugs and Susceptibility Testing of Fungi
Published in Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, Pocket Guide to Mycological Diagnosis, 2019
Débora de Souza Colares Maia Castelo-Branco, Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
The same systems used for the phenotypical identification of fungal species, such as the Vitek 2 System (BioMérieux, France), can also be used to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of the isolates. These devices are only able to identify and analyze yeast isolates belonging to the species they contain in their database. Thus, they can reliably perform antifungal susceptibility assay with Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei, and few others. The methodology applied by these devices is a broth microdilution using only three to five drug concentrations for each tested drug, which allows the evaluation of fungal growth inhibition and estimation of MIC values. These analyses are performed in manufactured cards or panels, which contain the drugs to be tested, that is, amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, and micafungin. The results are then released as MIC values, followed by the susceptibility category (S, I, or R) and epidemiological category (WT or NWT). These automated methods are very practical for the most prevalent yeast pathogens, but their major drawback is the lack of flexibility to perform the assays, as the tested species must be in the system database and the products and reagents used are developed, industrialized, and supplied by the companies.
Genital candidiasis
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Candidiasis is a yeast fungal infection which can affect any part of the body, particularly warm, moist areas such as the vagina, mouth and armpits. Candida is always present on the body and certain physiological factors cause the fungus to flourish and cause infection. There are more than 150 species of Candida including: Candida albicans.Candida tropicalis.Candida glabrata.Candida krusei.Candida parapsilosis.Candida dubliniensis.Candida lusitaniae.
New therapeutic system based on hydrogels for vaginal candidiasis management: formulation–characterization and in vitro evaluation based on vaginal irritation and direct contact test
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Muhammet Davut Arpa, Ayşegül Yoltaş, Ecehan Onay Tarlan, Cemre Şahin Şenyüz, Hande Sipahi, Ahmet Aydın, Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
In the last two decades, more than one billion people per year have been infected with fungal diseases with an increase in the incidence of fungal infections (Siafaka et al. 2016c; Park et al. 2017; Sawant and Khan 2017; Üstündağ Okur et al. 2019b). Fungal infections can be either local or systemic, but the most common fungal infections are oral and vaginal candidiasis (Voltan et al. 2016; Park et al. 2017). More than 20 different species of Candida have been reported as human pathogens like Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida infections (Mendes Giannini et al. 2013; Theill et al. 2016). Cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy and transplantation have increased the risk of Candida infections (Siafaka et al. 2016c; Üstündağ Okur et al. 2018). Candida albicans, which is the most studied of all Candida species, is the causative fungal agent in 60–80% of Candida infections (Theill et al. 2016).
Diclofenac exhibits synergism with azoles against planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida tropicalis
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante, Jaiane Alves Brasil, Jonathas Sales de Oliveira, Vandbergue Santos Pereira, Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira-Neto, José Júlio Costa Sidrim, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
The interaction between diclofenac and fluconazole against the biofilms of Candida tropicalis was analyzed by SEM according to Wang et al. (2009), with modifications. Biofilms were formed directly on ThermanoxTM coverslips using 12-well culture plates. Based on the results obtained in the drug interaction testing, biofilms were formed in the presence of FLC (64 μg ml−1), FLC/diclofenac (64 μg ml−1 and 512 μg ml−1, respectively) and diclofenac (512 μg ml−1). A control biofilm (untreated) was prepared only in RPMI 1640. After growth for 24 h at 37 °C, the coverslips were washed twice with cacodylate buffer (0.15 M). The biofilms were then covered with glutaraldehyde (2.5% in 0.15 M cacodylate buffer) and incubated at 4 °C overnight. After incubation, the biofilms were washed twice with cacodylate buffer for 5 min and the slides were dehydrated in an increasing concentration of ethanol (50, 70, 80, 95 and 100%) twice, for 10 min at each concentration. The slides were dried at room temperature and covered with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) for 30 min. The HDMS was removed and the slides were dried overnight, coated with a 10 nm gold layer (Emitech Q150T) and observed with a FEI Inspect S50 scanning electron microscope, in 15 kV high vacuum mode.
Oral Candida albicans colonization in healthy individuals: prevalence, genotypic diversity, stability along time and transmissibility
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Ângela Gerós-Mesquita, Joana Carvalho-Pereira, Ricardo Franco-Duarte, Armandino Alves, Hernâni Gerós, Célia Pais, Paula Sampaio
In the present study, we observed that C. albicans was by far the most prevalent species (94.2%) among yeast carriers, which is also widely reported in the literature [29–32]. Indeed, in 84.2% of the volunteers, C. albicans was isolated alone and in 10% in a mixed culture, including chloramphenicol resistant bacteria. Curiously, C. albicans was identified together with C. guillermondii and C. lusitaniae, but not with C. parapsilosis or R. mucilaginosa. A lower competitiveness between C. guillermondii and C. lusitaniae with C. albicans may account for this result. Candida tropicalis and C. glabrata are frequently identified in oral samples, however, in our survey, these species were not found. Indeed, it is described that C. glabrata is innately resistant to antifungal agents [33], so the selection of volunteers that were not being treated with any antimicrobial compound may explain this result. The composition of the studied population (mostly young healthy adults) may also have influence on the oral population because functions of the innate immune system are downregulated in aged healthy volunteers compared with healthy young volunteers [34].