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Order Picornavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Wen et al. (2012) presented fine methodology of the propagation of the CPMV virions in V. ungiuculata plants and detailed purification and chemical labeling protocols, with a focus on the labeling of VNPs with fluorophores, e.g., Alexa Fluor 647 and PEG. The data was presented along with that on other advanced plant virus models, such as brome mosaic virus (BMV) of the family Bromoviridae, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) of the family Virgaviridae (both from the order Martellivirales), and potato virus (PVX) from the order Tymovirales, described in Chapters 17, 19, and 21, respectively.
Viruses as Nanomaterials
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Dushyant R. Dudhagara, Megha S. Gadhvi, Anjana K. Vala
VNPs can encapsulate foreign molecules or nanoparticles. This capability has potential applications in drug delivery and catalysis. Chen et al. (2005) fabricated, in vitro, the nucleus of negatively charged gold nanoparticles surrounded by reassembled BMV proteins. Synthetic DNA nucleotide sequences that copy the high-compatibility capsid binding site of native RNA in BMV were used to observe the formation of a closed shell-encasing nanoparticles. The shell/core interactions can also be tuned by using coatings on the nanoparticle core (Loo et al. 2007). In general, the VLP cage interior provides an attractive compartment for encapsulating non-native cargo (Schwarz and Douglas 2015). Dragnea et al. (2003) showed that the generation of bioinspired architectures for nongenomic materials packaging can be attributed to plant-infecting icosahedral viruses (Chen et al. 2006). Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is an icosahedral RNA plant virus that forms virus-like particles (VLPs) by self-assembling BMV coat protein around functionalized gold nanoparticles. The electrostatic behavior of nucleic acid components of the native virus is mimicked by encapsulating gold nanoparticles (foreign material) inside virus cages. These VLPs give researchers access to materials that can be used to make new optical and functional probes for biosensors and biomedical imaging (Chen et al. 2006). The electrostatic interaction between metal particles and the positively charged inner surface of the BMV capsid has been driven by the encapsulation of metals within viral capsid cages. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) incorporated in BMV capsids have been used as spectroscopic markers. Furthermore, Rayleigh resonance (RR) spectroscopy on single viruses encapsulated with AuNPs also opens up new possibilities for in vivo viral capsid transformation monitoring (Dragnea et al. 2003). Similarly, when BMV viral coat proteins self-assembled around iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) functionalized with PEGylated phospholipids, highly symmetrical structures were formed, even when the IONPs were larger than the native BMV capsid's inner cavity scale.
Next-generation viral nanoparticles for targeted delivery of therapeutics: Fundamentals, methods, biomedical applications, and challenges
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Jia Sen Tan, Muhamad Norizwan Bin Jaffar Ali, Bee Koon Gan, Wen Siang Tan
The delivery of nucleic acids such as RNA is very feasible through VNPs as they are their natural carriers. Nucleic acids generally are anionic molecules, and in contrast, the internal cavities of VNPs are usually cationic; the polar interaction therefore offers holding capacity for packaged RNA, prevents environmental influence and risk of leakage [18]. In a mouse model, the brome mosaic virus (BMV) VLP was used to encapsidate short-interfering RNA (siRNA) Akt1 (siAkt1), which delivered the cargo to breast tumor, and resulted in 50% inhibition of the tumor size with no signs of cytotoxicity [117]. Besides, Xue et al. [118] demonstrated the delivery of microRNA-26a (miR-26a) using cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) VLPs into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to promote osteogenesis. The VLP construct (CP26a) effectively delivered the microRNA, and promoted osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs while being less cytotoxic relative to Lipofectamine2000-miR-26a (lipo26a). In a clinical study (NCT03084640), Qβ VLP was used to carry CpG-A oligonucleotides intended to reverse PD-1 blockade resistance in advanced melanoma patients. The phase 1B study, which involved 44 patients showed manageable safety profile and promising clinical activity [119], after which phases 2 and 3 clinical trials (NCT04698187, NCT04695977) are being conducted.
Nano Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy: a Probable Biophysicochemical Management Modality in SARS-CoV-2
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Khatereh Khorsandi, Sepehr Fekrazad, Farshid Vahdatinia, Abbas Farmany, Reza Fekrazad
Quantum dots (QDs) as semiconductor NPs have several physicochemical properties that make them a potentially new class of PS. These small NPs have high quantum yields, a constant composition, high photo-stability, and fluorescent emission properties that can be tunable by size. They are relatively simple and inexpensive to synthesize, are non-cytotoxic in the absence of light, but have the potential to induce cytotoxicity under UV irradiation or IR depending on their sizes and colors [51]. Dragnea et al. described the incorporation of CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) into viral particles [52]. The QDs were collected inside the capsids of brome mosaic virus as a simple icosahedral virus. The result was a virus-like particle of similar size to the native virus, using easily manipulated PEG coatings to facilitate future industrial applications [53].
New generation of viral nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Nikta Alvandi, Maryam Rajabnejad, Zeynab Taghvaei, Neda Esfandiari
VLPs are unable to replicate and this feature can be regarded as a marked difference between VLPs and native viruses [20]. Moreover, VLPs structure can be changed by nucleic acid template modification and the addition of conjugates to particular amino acids. It is patently obvious that the nucleic acids of viruses are enclosed in capsid which includes various copies of identical coat proteins [21]. The capsid of viruses can be classified into two shapes, icosahedral and helical structures. Flexible filaments and rod shapes can be regarded as helical structures. The common and important viruses as candidates of each category based on their shapes are reported in Figure 2(A). Brome mosaic virus (BMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV) are reported as plant virus-based VLPs with icosahedral symmetry. It should be noted that potato virus X (PVX) [22] and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are famous and significant plant viruses with filamentous and tubular structures, respectively [23]. Concerning bacteriophage viruses, Qβ, MS2, P22 with icosahedral symmetry, and M13 phage with filamentous shape is considered as well-known bacteriophage-based VLPs. Furthermore, animal viruses can be categorised into mammalian and insect viruses. Adenovirus, human papillomavirus (HPV) [24], norwalk virus (NV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), rotavirus A, enterovirus, influenza virus [25], human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and human parvovirus as mammalian virus-based VLPs along with baculovirus known as insect virus-based VLPs can be considered in icosahedral symmetry category too [26]. In the term of VLPs structure, VLPs can be divided into non-enveloped and enveloped VLPs according to their origin viruses which VLPs were emerged from them. Generally, some of the viruses have an envelope that surrounds their capsid. It is common knowledge that an envelope is a lipid membrane derived from the host cell membrane. Depending on different types of viruses, their envelope can come from the membrane of different organelles of mentioned host cells, such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and so on. It should be noted that viruses that possess envelope also have matrix proteins which connect envelope to their capsid (Figure 2(B)) [27].