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Order Nidovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The appearance of the TGEV “pseudoparticles” by the vaccinia virus-driven expression in mammalian cells was first reported by Baudoux et al. (1998). Such VLPs resembling authentic virions by size were released in the culture medium of the cells that coexpressed the TGEV genes M and E. The interferogenic activity of the purified VLPs was comparable to that of the TGEV virions, thus establishing that neither ribonucleoprotein nor spikes were required for the interferon induction. The replacement of the externally exposed, N-terminal domain of the protein M with that of bovine coronavirus (BCV) led to the production of the chimeric VLPs with no major change in interferogenicity, although the structures of the TGEV and BCV ectodomains markedly differed. Moreover, the BCV pseudoparticles were produced and demonstrated the same interferogenic activity, suggesting that the ability of coronavirus particles to induce interferon-α was a result of a specific multimeric structure (Baudoux et al. 1998).
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The human coronavirus will induce an encephalitis when injected intracerebrally into suckling mice [165], but such a system is not a logical model for either respiratory or gastrointestinal disease. An interesting and attractive alternative is avian infectious bronchitis virus, a closely related member of the Coronaviridae virus family that induces an acute respiratory infection in chicks. This disease is characterized by depression, gasping, rales, and a relatively high mortality rate [166,167]. Such an infection offers the advantage of a naturally occurring disease that closely resembles the human respiratory infection, with the animal model reasonably low in cost. The human coronavirus is not yet known to induce a gastrointestinal disease in laboratory animals, although two related coronaviruses are well recognized for causing such infections in animals. These are transmissible gastroenteritis virus, which induces intestinal lesions and a severe diarrheal disease in newborn pigs [168], and bovine coronavirus, which also causes intestinal lesions as well as diarrhea in calves [169].
Animal Models of Human Respiratory Viral Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Kayla A. Weiss, Cory J. Knudson, Allison F. Christiaansen, Steven M. Varga
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infects the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract in cattle. BCoV is a ubiquitous global pathogen resulting in calf diarrhea and adult winter dysentery from enteric disease and shipping fever from respiratory disease.105,106 The majority of morbidity is more severe and observed in young animals and thus may be a good model to investigate for severe disease following HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 in young children.
Nutrients in prevention, treatment, and management of viral infections; special focus on Coronavirus
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Fatemeh BourBour, Samaneh Mirzaei Dahka, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Mohammad Esmail Akbari, Mahdi Shadnoush, Mohammad Haghighi, Hamidreza Taghvaye-Masoumi, Narjes Ashoori, Saied Doaei
A few studies were done on the association of vitamin D and coronaviruses. The combined supplementation of vitamin D with melatonin could offer a synergistic alternative for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary infection by COVID −19. Nonnecke et al. reported that lower levels of vitamin D in calves caused the increased risk of infection with bovine coronavirus (Nonnecke et al. 2014). A recent study reported that the goal should be to raise 25(OH) D serum concentrations above 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L) for the treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19. It is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH) D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d [43].
The ocular surface, coronaviruses and COVID‐19
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
Mark Dp Willcox, Karen Walsh, Jason J Nichols, Philip B Morgan, Lyndon W Jones
For the less pathogenic human coronaviruses, hCoV‐229E uses CD13 to infect cells,25 OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9‐O‐acetylated sialic acid (Neu5,9Ac2),26 and NL63 uses ACE2 to bind to host cells.27 NL63 and SARS‐CoV first anchor to cells via heparan sulfate proteoglycans before interacting with the ACE2 entry receptor,201119,27,28 but this binding alone is not sufficient for infection.19 In fact many viruses, not just coronaviruses, utilise heparan sulfate on cell surfaces for initial binding.29 Feline infectious peritonitis virus uses CD13 (aminopeptidase N) or CD209 to bind to its host cells.15 Bovine coronavirus binds to 9‐O‐acetylated sialic acid on its host cells.30
Antiviral drugs and plasma therapy used for Covid-19 treatment: a nationwide Turkish algorithm
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
The source of AlphaCoV and betaCoV are thought to be bats and rodents. In some studies, there are studies related to disease symptoms caused by infectious bronchitis virus [IBV) caused by deltacoronavirus in some poultry, such as pigs and turkeys (Ma et al. 2015; Cavanagh 2005). It has been determined that the identified human coronavirus species (HCoV-OC43; beta CoV) comes from the same major ancestor as the bovine coronavirus, dog respiratory coronavirus, camel coronavirus and demonstrates significant host flexibility (Lu et al. 2017; Kin et al. 2016).